Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-iz
 |
This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
[edit]*-iz (adjective *-izô)
- -er. Forms the comparative of certain adverbs.
Usage notes
[edit]This was the normal comparative suffix for all i-, u- and ja-stem adverbs. The regular a-stem adverbs sometimes used this suffix, and sometimes the related suffix *-ōz without any predictable rule.
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Most of these descendants eventually replaced the suffix with the equivalent from the adjectives, because the older adverbial suffix was no longer distinctive after the loss of final *-iz.
- Old English: -
- English: -er
- Old Frisian: -
- West Frisian: -er
- Old Saxon: -
- Old Dutch: -
- Middle Dutch: -
- Dutch: -er
- Middle Dutch: -
- Old High German: -
- German: -er
- Old Norse: -r
- Gothic: -𐌹𐍃 (-is)
Etymology 2
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
[edit]*-iz
- Forms vṛddhi gerundives from verbal roots.
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
[edit]*-iz (adjective suffix)
- (forms adjectives with the meaning of "X-ed")
Inflection
[edit]| strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| nominative | *-iz | *-ijai | *-ī | *-ijôz | *-į, *-jatō | *-ijō |
| accusative | *-ijanǭ | *-ijanz | *-ijǭ | *-ijōz | *-į, *-jatō | *-ijō |
| genitive | *-ijas, *-īs | *-ijaizǫ̂ | *-ijaizōz | *-ijaizǫ̂ | *-ijas, *-īs | *-ijaizǫ̂ |
| dative | *-ijammai | *-ijaimaz | *-ijaizōi | *-ijaimaz | *-ijammai | *-ijaimaz |
| instrumental | *-ijanō | *-ijaimiz | *-ijaizō | *-ijaimiz | *-ijanō | *-ijaimiz |
| weak declension | ||||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| nominative | *-ijô | *-ijaniz | *-ijǭ | *-ijōniz | *-ijô | *-ijōnō |
| accusative | *-ijanų | *-ijanunz | *-ijōnų | *-ijōnunz | *-ijô | *-ijōnō |
| genitive | *-īniz | *-ijanǫ̂ | *-ijōniz | *-ijōnǫ̂ | *-īniz | *-ijanǫ̂ |
| dative | *-īni | *-ijammaz | *-ijōni | *-ijōmaz | *-īni | *-ijammaz |
| instrumental | *-īnē | *-ijammiz | *-ijōnē | *-ijōmiz | *-īnē | *-ijammiz |
Derived terms
[edit]- *ungandiz (“unafflicted; not bewitched”)
- Proto-Norse: ᚢᚾᚷᚨᚾᛞᛁᛉ (ungandiʀ)
- *aljamarkiz (“foreign”)
- Proto-Norse: ᚨᛚᛃᚨᛗᚨᚱᚲᛁᛉ (aljamarkiʀ)
- *-augiz (“X-eyed”)
- Old Norse: -eygr