Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/viha

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Etymology 1

From earlier *wiša, borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dwiša- (“hate”). Possibly already from Proto-Finno-Permic, compare Udmurt вож (vož, “hate”), Komi-Zyrian веж (vež, “envy”).

Noun

*viha

1. hate, anger
2. rage
3. agression

Inflection

Inflection of *viha

Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility.
		singular	plural
nominative		*viha	*vihat
accusative		*vihan	*vihat
genitive		*vihan	*vihadën *vihoidën
partitive		*vihada	*vihoida
inessive		*vihassa *vihahna	*vihoissa *vihoihna
elative		*vihasta	*vihoista
illative		*vihahën	*vihoihën
adessive		*vihalla	*vihoilla
ablative		*vihalta	*vihoilta
allative		*vihalën *vihalëk	*vihoilën *vihoilëk
essive		*vihana	*vihoina
translative		*vihaksi	*vihoiksi
instructive		*vihan	*vihoin
comitative		*vihanëk	*vihoinëk
abessive		*vihatta	*vihoitta

Derived terms

• *vihainën (“angry”)
• ? *vihakka
• *vihat'ak (“to hate”)

Descendants

• Estonian: viha
• Finnish: viha
• Ingrian: viha
  • North Karelian: viha
  • South Karelian: viha
• Livonian: vija
• Livvi: viha
• Ludian: viha
• Veps: viha
• Võro: viha
• Votic: viha

From earlier *wiša:

• → Proto-Samic: *vëšē

Etymology 2

From earlier *wiša, borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wišás (“poison, bile”), from Proto-Indo-European *wisós. Compare Sanskrit विष (viṣa). For the meaning "greenness", compare also Erzya ожо (ožo, “yellow”), Eastern Mari ужар (užar, “green”).

Noun

*viha

1. poison

   Synonym: *mürkkü

2. greenness

Derived terms

• *vihanta (“verdant; unripe”)
• *viherä (“green”)

Descendants

• Estonian: viha
• Finnish: viha
• Karelian:
  • North Karelian: viha
  • South Karelian: viha
• Livonian: vijā
• Livvi: viha
• Ludian: viha
• Veps: viha
• Võro: viha
• Votic: viha

References

• “viha”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012
• Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The origin of Finnish words]‎^[2] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN