-iainen

See also: -iäinen and iäinen

Finnish

Etymology

-ja +‎ -inen. The suffix is spelled inconsistently as either -iainen or -jainen depending on the root word.

Details

• -jainen is the original form of the suffix, while the former contains a preceding -i- (including those that derive from an underlying -e-), with the -j- not spelled as a result. In the past, a similar kind of vacillation occurred in the spelling of -ja derivatives, although they eventually settled into a spelling in which the -j- was always spelled (tulija, pro tulia). However, that development did not extend to this suffix, as its origin had by then been forgotten.
• A regular derivative of many verbs would have a long vowel, as it is part of the stem; thus, avajaiset should more correctly be *avaajaiset. The shortening may be by analogy.
• The use of the suffix in diminutive, often vulgar, nouns, such as those for insects, appears to follow the example of ampiainen, tuuliainen, but -ias may have also served as an inspiration.

Suffix

-iainen (front vowel harmony variant -iäinen, linguistic notation -iAinen)

1. Forms certain nouns.

   ‎tulla (“to come”) + ‎-iainen → ‎tuliainen (“souvenir”)

2. (in the plural) Forms names of ceremonies from verbs or nouns.

   ‎avata (“to open”) + ‎-iainen → ‎avajaiset (“opening”)

   ‎haudata (“to bury”) + ‎-iainen → ‎hautajaiset (“funeral”)

   ‎fuksi (“university freshman”) + ‎-iainen → ‎fuksiaiset (“initiation ritual event in a university”)

3. Forms certain nouns, particularly vulgar nouns or names of insects.

   ‎paska (“shit”) + ‎-iainen → ‎paskiainen (“bastard, asshole”)

   ‎muta (“mud”) + ‎-iainen → ‎mutiainen (“dark-skinned person”)

   ‎kuori (“crust”) + ‎-iainen → ‎kuoriainen (“beetle”)

   ‎ripsi (“cilium”) + ‎-iainen → ‎ripsiäinen (“thrips”)

Declension

Inflection of -iainen (Kotus type 38/nainen, no gradation)
nominative		-iainen	-iaiset
genitive		-iaisen	-iaisten -iaisien
partitive		-iaista	-iaisia
illative		-iaiseen	-iaisiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-iainen	-iaiset
accusative	nom.	-iainen	-iaiset
	gen.	-iaisen
genitive		-iaisen	-iaisten -iaisien
partitive		-iaista	-iaisia
inessive		-iaisessa	-iaisissa
elative		-iaisesta	-iaisista
illative		-iaiseen	-iaisiin
adessive		-iaisella	-iaisilla
ablative		-iaiselta	-iaisilta
allative		-iaiselle	-iaisille
essive		-iaisena	-iaisina
translative		-iaiseksi	-iaisiksi
abessive		-iaisetta	-iaisitta
instructive		—	-iaisin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -iainen (Kotus type 38/nainen, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -iaiseni -iaiseni accusative nom. -iaiseni -iaiseni gen. -iaiseni genitive -iaiseni -iaisteni -iaisieni partitive -iaistani -iaisiani inessive -iaisessani -iaisissani elative -iaisestani -iaisistani illative -iaiseeni -iaisiini adessive -iaisellani -iaisillani ablative -iaiseltani -iaisiltani allative -iaiselleni -iaisilleni essive -iaisenani -iaisinani translative -iaisekseni -iaisikseni abessive -iaisettani -iaisittani instructive — — comitative — -iaisineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -iaisesi -iaisesi accusative nom. -iaisesi -iaisesi gen. -iaisesi genitive -iaisesi -iaistesi -iaisiesi partitive -iaistasi -iaisiasi inessive -iaisessasi -iaisissasi elative -iaisestasi -iaisistasi illative -iaiseesi -iaisiisi adessive -iaisellasi -iaisillasi ablative -iaiseltasi -iaisiltasi allative -iaisellesi -iaisillesi essive -iaisenasi -iaisinasi translative -iaiseksesi -iaisiksesi abessive -iaisettasi -iaisittasi instructive — — comitative — -iaisinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -iaisemme -iaisemme accusative nom. -iaisemme -iaisemme gen. -iaisemme genitive -iaisemme -iaistemme -iaisiemme partitive -iaistamme -iaisiamme inessive -iaisessamme -iaisissamme elative -iaisestamme -iaisistamme illative -iaiseemme -iaisiimme adessive -iaisellamme -iaisillamme ablative -iaiseltamme -iaisiltamme allative -iaisellemme -iaisillemme essive -iaisenamme -iaisinamme translative -iaiseksemme -iaisiksemme abessive -iaisettamme -iaisittamme instructive — — comitative — -iaisinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -iaisenne -iaisenne accusative nom. -iaisenne -iaisenne gen. -iaisenne genitive -iaisenne -iaistenne -iaisienne partitive -iaistanne -iaisianne inessive -iaisessanne -iaisissanne elative -iaisestanne -iaisistanne illative -iaiseenne -iaisiinne adessive -iaisellanne -iaisillanne ablative -iaiseltanne -iaisiltanne allative -iaisellenne -iaisillenne essive -iaisenanne -iaisinanne translative -iaiseksenne -iaisiksenne abessive -iaisettanne -iaisittanne instructive — — comitative — -iaisinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -iaisensa -iaisensa accusative nom. -iaisensa -iaisensa gen. -iaisensa genitive -iaisensa -iaistensa -iaisiensa partitive -iaistaan -iaistansa -iaisiaan -iaisiansa inessive -iaisessaan -iaisessansa -iaisissaan -iaisissansa elative -iaisestaan -iaisestansa -iaisistaan -iaisistansa illative -iaiseensa -iaisiinsa adessive -iaisellaan -iaisellansa -iaisillaan -iaisillansa ablative -iaiseltaan -iaiseltansa -iaisiltaan -iaisiltansa allative -iaiselleen -iaisellensa -iaisilleen -iaisillensa essive -iaisenaan -iaisenansa -iaisinaan -iaisinansa translative -iaisekseen -iaiseksensa -iaisikseen -iaisiksensa abessive -iaisettaan -iaisettansa -iaisittaan -iaisittansa instructive — — comitative — -iaisineen -iaisinensa

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -iainen

References

• Hakulinen, Lauri. 1941–2000. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys ('The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language'). Helsinki: Otava/Helsingin yliopisto.