ꜣd

Egyptian

FWOTD – 25 April 2021

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑd/
  • Conventional anglicization: ad

Etymology 1

Verb

 2-lit.

1. (intransitive, chiefly of crocodiles) to be(come) aggressive or savage [since the Pyramid Texts]
2. (intransitive) to be(come) raging, angry (+ r: with, toward, + ḥr: about, over)
3. (intransitive) to be(come) aggressively eager or rapacious, to raven (+ r: to be rapacious for, to raven after) [Middle Kingdom literature]
   • c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.9–1.10:

     (j)m ꜣtw r jwf r gs skn šzp dj.f n.k

     Don’t raven after meat next to a voracious man; partake when he gives to you.

4. (transitive, of fire) to rage at, attack, or harm (someone) [Coffin Texts]
   • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Coffin Texts, version S1P (outer coffin of Nakhti, Louvre E 11981) spell 148, lines 121–122:

     
     

     jnk ḥr ms.n ꜣst jry mkt.f m ẖnw swḥt nj ꜣd wj hh n(j) r(ꜣ).ṯn nj pḥ.n wj ḏdt.ṯn r.j

     I am Horus, born of Isis, whose protection was made within the egg: the fiery breath of your mouths will not rage against me, and what you may say against me cannot reach me.

Inflection

Conjugation of ꜣd (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ꜣd, geminated stem: ꜣdd

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ꜣd	ꜣdw, ꜣd	ꜣdt	ꜣd, j.ꜣd	ꜣd, j.ꜣd

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ꜣd	ḥr ꜣd	m ꜣd	r ꜣd

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ꜣd.n	ꜣdw, ꜣd	consecutive	ꜣd.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	ꜣdt
perfective3	ꜣd	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	ꜣd.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	ꜣd, j.ꜣd1	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	ꜣd	ꜣdd	potentialis1	ꜣd.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	ꜣd, j.ꜣd1	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ꜣd.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	ꜣd	active + .tj1, .tw2	ꜣd	ꜣdd, ꜣddj6, ꜣd2, ꜣdw2 5, ꜣdy2 5
imperfective	j.ꜣd1, ꜣd, ꜣdy, ꜣdw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	j.ꜣd1, j.ꜣdw1 5, ꜣd, ꜣdj6, ꜣdy6	ꜣd, ꜣdw5
prospective	ꜣd, ꜣdtj7	—	ꜣdtj4, ꜣdt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜣd  

ꜣt

[Middle Kingdom]

Derived terms

• ꜣd jb r
• ꜣdw

 

Descendants

• Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲟⲧ (oot)

Noun

 m

1. aggression, rage, fury

   ― ḫsf ꜣd ― to put an end to or fend off (someone’s) fury

Inflection

Declension of ꜣd (masculine)

singular	ꜣd
dual	ꜣdwj
plural	ꜣdw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜣd  

ꜣd

[Late Period]

Etymology 2

Faulkner suggests this word may be a corrupt writing of ꜣhd (“to be(come) weak; to quiver”); Erman and Grapow instead suggest a connection with jꜣd (“to suffer”).

Verb

 2-lit.

1. (intransitive, rare, of body parts including the heart) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: [Middle Kingdom literature]
   1. to be(come) feeble, listless, or failing
   2. to quiver or palpitate

Inflection

Conjugation of ꜣd (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ꜣd, geminated stem: ꜣdd

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ꜣd	ꜣdw, ꜣd	ꜣdt	ꜣd, j.ꜣd	ꜣd, j.ꜣd

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ꜣd	ḥr ꜣd	m ꜣd	r ꜣd

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
		aspect / mood	active
perfect	ꜣd.n	consecutive	ꜣd.jn
terminative	ꜣdt
perfective3	ꜣd	obligative1	ꜣd.ḫr
imperfective	ꜣd, j.ꜣd1
prospective3	ꜣd	potentialis1	ꜣd.kꜣ
subjunctive	ꜣd, j.ꜣd1

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
	active	active	passive
perfect	ꜣd.n	—	—
perfective	ꜣd	ꜣd	ꜣdd, ꜣddj6, ꜣd2, ꜣdw2 5, ꜣdy2 5
imperfective	j.ꜣd1, ꜣd, ꜣdy, ꜣdw5	j.ꜣd1, j.ꜣdw1 5, ꜣd, ꜣdj6, ꜣdy6	ꜣd, ꜣdw5
prospective	ꜣd, ꜣdtj7	ꜣdtj4, ꜣdt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Etymology 3

Verb

 2-lit.

1. (intransitive, hapax) to decay [Coffin Texts]
   • c. 1900 BCE – 1839 BCE, Coffin Texts, version B1C (coffin of Sepi III, Cairo CG 28083) spell 755:

     
     

     wrḏ ꜥwt m ws(j)r nj wrḏ zpwj snwj nj ḥwꜣ.sn ꜣd.sn nj [bn.sn nj] jr mw ḏw

     The limbs in Osiris are weary, but won’t be weary, won’t be weary, they won’t putrefy or decay, [they] won’t [swell up, won’t] make foul fluid (literally, “evil water”).

Usage notes

Possibly identical to the preceding verb (‘to be(come) feeble^?’ or ‘to quiver’). Faulkner identifies it this way in his publication of the Coffin Texts, though he lists the two separately in his earlier dictionary.

Etymology 4

Verb

 2-lit.

1. (transitive, rare) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: [Medical papyri]
   1. to smear (a pot) (+ m: with (clay))
   2. to smooth (a pot, etc.) (+ m: with (clay))

Usage notes

If the verb ꜣdt is in fact a variant writing of this word, as has been suggested, then the proper meaning is likely ‘to smooth’ or something similar.

Alternative forms

See the forms given at ꜣdt as possible variants, if that verb is indeed to be taken as identical to this one.

References

• “ꜣd (lemma ID 342)”, “ꜣd.w (lemma ID 346)”, “ꜣd (lemma ID 351)”, “ꜣd (lemma ID 348)”, and “ꜣd (lemma ID 349)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 24.12–24.19, 24.24, 25.1–25.3
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 7
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 174, 276, 455.
• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 242
• Vycichl, Werner (1983) Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, page 156