蓳

蓳 U+84F3, 蓳 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-84F3 ← 蓲 [U+84F2] CJK Unified Ideographs 蓴 → [U+84F4]

蓳 U+2F9A9, 蓳 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9A9 ← 蓱 [U+2F9A8] CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 蔖 → [U+2F9AA]

Translingual

Japanese	菫
Simplified	堇
Traditional	蓳/菫/堇

Han character

蓳 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+11, 17 strokes, cangjie input 廿廿中一 (TTLM), four-corner 4410₄, composition ⿱艹堇)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1052, character 27
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31732
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3275, character 10
• Unihan data for U+84F3

• Unihan data for U+2F9A9

Chinese

trad.		蓳/菫/堇*
simp.		堇*
alternative forms		䒺 𦸧 𦸨 𦻋 𦻍

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 堇
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (堇) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
囏	*krɯːn
螼	*kʰrɯnʔ, *kʰrɯns
堇	*ɡrɯn, *kɯnʔ
墐	*ɡrɯn, *ɡrɯns
𥎊	*ɡrɯn
僅	*ɡrɯns
瑾	*ɡrɯns
覲	*ɡrɯns
殣	*ɡrɯns
饉	*ɡrɯns
廑	*ɡrɯns
瘽	*ɡrɯns, *ɡɯn, *ɡɯnʔ
歏	*ɡrɯns
鄞	*ŋɡrɯn, *ŋɡɯn
謹	*kɯnʔ
槿	*kɯnʔ
漌	*kɯnʔ
慬	*kɯnʔ, *ɡɯn
勤	*ɡɯn
懃	*ɡɯn
懄	*ɡɯn

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kɯnʔ): semantic 艸 + phonetic 堇 (OC *ɡrɯn, *kɯnʔ).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jǐn (jin³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gan²
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ging³
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kín

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jǐn
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jǐn
    • Wade–Giles: chin³
    • Yale: jǐn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiin
    • Palladius: цзинь (czinʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕin²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gan²
    • Yale: gán
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gan²
    • Guangdong Romanization: gen²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɐn³⁵/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: ging³
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gîng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiŋ⁴⁵³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: ging³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiŋ³³²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kín
    • Tâi-lô: kín
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kien
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kin⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kin⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kin⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kin⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kin⁴¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: kj+nX

Rime
Character	蓳
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	欣 (57)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居隱切
Baxter	kj+nX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨnX/
Pan Wuyun	/kɨnX/
Shao Rongfen	/kiənX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɨnX/
Li Rong	/kiənX/
Wang Li	/kĭənX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ki̯ənX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jǐn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gan2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kə[r]ʔ/, /*kə[r]-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kɯnʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	蓳	蓳
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jìn	jìn
Middle Chinese	‹ kjɨnX ›	‹ kjɨnH ›
Old Chinese	/*kə[r]ʔ/	/*kə[r]-s/
English	(kind of vegetable)	aconite
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	蓳
Reading #	1/1
No.	6746
Phonetic component	堇
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	謹
Old Chinese	/*kɯnʔ/

Definitions

蓳

1. Viola verecunda, a kind of violet.

Compounds

• 三色蓳 / 三色堇 (sānsèjǐn)

References

• William Campbell (1913) A dictionary of the Amoy vernacular spoken throughout the prefectures of Chin-Chiu, Chiang-Chiu and Formosa (in Hokkien), 8th edition, Tainan: Taiwan Church Press, published 1961, →OCLC, page 328.
• 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “堇”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 111.
• “蓳”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Vietnamese

Han character

蓳: Hán Nôm readings: thẽnh

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.