流形

Chinese

		to flow; to spread; to circulate to flow; to spread; to circulate; to move	to appear; to look; form to appear; to look; form; shape
trad. (流形)		流	形
simp. #(流形)		流	形

Etymology

manifold

Coined by Jiang Zehan in 1938. Taken from the first line of Wen Tianxiang's famous poem A Song of the Moral Sense:

天地有正氣，雜然賦流形。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]

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天地有正气，杂然赋流形。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]

From: 1281, 文天祥 (Wén Tiānxiáng),《正氣歌》, translated by Herbert A. Giles, 1919.

Tiāndì yǒu zhèngqì, zárán fù liúxíng. [Pinyin]

There is in the universe an Aura which permeates all things, and makes them what they are.

Which can be ultimately traced back to the Book of Changes, from the commentary on the first hexagram 乾 (qián, “䷀”):

大哉乾元，萬物資始，乃統天。雲行雨施，品物流形，大明終始，六位時成。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]

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大哉乾元，万物资始，乃统天。云行雨施，品物流形，大明终始，六位时成。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: I Ching, 11^th – 8^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Dà zāi qiányuán, wànwù zī shǐ, nǎi tǒng tiān. Yún xíng yǔ shī, pǐnwù liúxíng, dàmíng zhōngshǐ, liù wèi shí chéng. [Pinyin]

Vast is the ‘great and originating [power]’ indicated by Qian! All things owe to it their beginning—it contains all the meaning belonging to heaven. The clouds move and the rain is distributed; the various things appear in their developed forms; [the connection between] the end and the beginning is grandly understood [by the sages], so as how the six lines [in the hexagram] are accomplished, [each] in its season.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): liúxíng

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄒㄧㄥˊ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: liúxíng
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄒㄧㄥˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lióusíng
    • Wade–Giles: liu²-hsing²
    • Yale: lyóu-syíng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lioushyng
    • Palladius: люсин (ljusin)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /li̯oʊ̯³⁵ ɕiŋ³⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: ljuw heng

Rime
Character	流	形
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)	青 (125)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	IV
Fanqie	力求切	戸經切
Baxter	ljuw	heng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɨu/	/ɦeŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/liu/	/ɦeŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/liəu/	/ɣɛŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/luw/	/ɦɛjŋ/
Li Rong	/liu/	/ɣeŋ/
Wang Li	/lĭəu/	/ɣieŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/li̯ə̯u/	/ɣieŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	liú	xíng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lau4	jing4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*ru  [ɢ]ˤeŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ru  ɡeːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	流	形
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	liú	xíng
Middle Chinese	‹ ljuw ›	‹ heng ›
Old Chinese	/*ru/	/*[ɢ]ˁeŋ/
English	flow (v.)	form, shape
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	流	形
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	8335	6862
Phonetic component	流	井
Rime group	幽	耕
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	劉	㓝
Old Chinese	/*ru/	/*ɡeːŋ/
Notes	或爲毓省聲

Noun

流形

1. (geometry) manifold
2. (literary) things of different and changing shape; everything

Noun

流形

1. (literary) (of things) to change and take shape