壟斷
Appearance
See also: 垄断
Chinese
[edit]monopolize | to break; to judge; absolutely to break; to judge; absolutely; decidedly | ||
---|---|---|---|
trad. (壟斷) | 壟 | 斷 | |
simp. (垄断) | 垄 | 断 | |
alternative forms | 龍斷/龙断 隴斷/陇断 垅断 |
Etymology
[edit]From the book Mencius:
- 人亦孰不欲富貴?而獨於富貴之中,有私龍斷焉。……有賤丈夫焉,必求龍斷而登之,以左右望而罔市利。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
- Rén yì shú bù yù fùguì? Ér dú yú fùguì zhī zhōng, yǒu sī lǒngduàn yān....... Yǒu jiànzhàngfū yān, bì qiú lǒngduàn ér dēng zhī, yǐ zuǒyòu wàng ér wǎng shìlì. [Pinyin]
- Who indeed is there of men but wishes for riches and honour? But he only, among the seekers of these, tried to monopolize the conspicuous mound. […] It happened that there was a mean fellow, who made it a point to look out for a conspicuous mound, and get up upon it. Thence he looked right and left, to catch in his net the whole gain of the market.
人亦孰不欲富贵?而独于富贵之中,有私龙断焉。……有贱丈夫焉,必求龙断而登之,以左右望而罔市利。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): lung5 dyun6
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lóng-toǎn / lióng-tn̄g / lióng-toān / lóng-toān
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6lon-doe
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄥˇ ㄉㄨㄢˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: lǒngduàn
- Wade–Giles: lung3-tuan4
- Yale: lǔng-dwàn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: loongduann
- Palladius: лундуань (lunduanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯än⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: lung5 dyun6
- Yale: lúhng dyuhn
- Cantonese Pinyin: lung5 dyn6
- Guangdong Romanization: lung5 dün6
- Sinological IPA (key): /lʊŋ¹³ tyːn²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lóng-toǎn
- Tâi-lô: lóng-tuǎn
- IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tuan²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lióng-tn̄g
- Tâi-lô: lióng-tn̄g
- Phofsit Daibuun: liofngd'ng
- IPA (Taipei): /liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍³³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lióng-toān
- Tâi-lô: lióng-tuān
- Phofsit Daibuun: liofngdoan
- IPA (Xiamen): /liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tuan²²/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lóng-toān
- Tâi-lô: lóng-tuān
- Phofsit Daibuun: lofngdoan
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /lɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tuan²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Wu
Verb
[edit]壟斷
- (archaic) to trade in a market located on higher ground
- (figuratively) to monopolize; to corner (the market)
Derived terms
[edit]Noun
[edit]壟斷
- (archaic) higher ground
- (figuratively) monopoly; monopolization
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]“Entry #67456”, in 重編國語辭典修訂本 [Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary] (in Chinese), National Academy for Educational Research (Taiwan), 2021.
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