刻苦
Appearance
Chinese
[edit]quarter (hour); (a measure word); to carve quarter (hour); (a measure word); to carve; to engrave; to cut; oppressive |
bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful | ||
---|---|---|---|
trad. (刻苦) | 刻 | 苦 | |
simp. #(刻苦) | 刻 | 苦 |
Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ke2 ku3
- Cantonese (Jyutping): hak1 fu2
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄎㄜˋ ㄎㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: kèkǔ
- Wade–Giles: kʻo4-kʻu3
- Yale: kè-kǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kehkuu
- Palladius: кэку (kɛku)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰɤ⁵¹ kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Standard Chinese, variant in Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄎㄜ ㄎㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: kekǔ
- Wade–Giles: kʻo1-kʻu3
- Yale: kē-kǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kekuu
- Palladius: кэку (kɛku)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰɤ⁵⁵ kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: ke2 ku3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: keku
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰɛ²¹ kʰu⁵³/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: hak1 fu2
- Yale: hāk fú
- Cantonese Pinyin: hak7 fu2
- Guangdong Romanization: heg1 fu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɐk̚⁵ fuː³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiak-khó͘
- Tâi-lô: khiak-khóo
- Phofsit Daibuun: qiakqor
- IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: kag4 kou2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khak khóu
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰak̚²⁻⁴ kʰou⁵²⁻²¹/
Adjective
[edit]刻苦
- industrious; assiduous; diligent
- (of life) basic; frugal
Synonyms
[edit]- (industrious):
- 下力 (xiàlì) (Muping Mandarin)
- 亹亹 (wěiwěi) (literary)
- 力落 (lag8 loh8) (Teochew)
- 努力 (nǔlì)
- 勤力 (qínlì) (literary or Cantonese)
- 勤勉 (qínmiǎn)
- 勤勞 / 勤劳 (qínláo)
- 勤奮 / 勤奋 (qínfèn)
- 勤快 (qínkuài) (informal)
- 勤懇 / 勤恳 (qínkěn) (diligent and conscientious)
- 勤謹 / 勤谨 (Dungan)
- 堅苦 / 坚苦 (jiānkǔ) (hardworking and persevering)
- 巴劫 (bājié) (literary)
- 巴巴結結 / 巴巴结结 (bāba-jiējiē) (regional)
- 急計 / 急计 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
- 用功 (yònggōng)
- 發狠 / 发狠 (fa3 hen6) (Xiang)
- 耐勞 / 耐劳 (nàiláo)
- 骨力 (Hokkien, Puxian Min)
- (frugal):
- 仔細 / 仔细 (zǐxì) (Northeastern Mandarin)
- 做人家 (Wu)
- 儉 / 俭 (jiǎn) (Hsinchu & Taichung Hokkien)
- 儉樸 / 俭朴 (jiǎnpǔ) (thrifty and simple)
- 儉省 / 俭省 (jiǎnshěng)
- 儉約 / 俭约 (jiǎnyuē) (literary)
- 克己 (kèjǐ)
- 抾拾 (Hokkien)
- 樸素 / 朴素 (pǔsù)
- 省儉 / 省俭 (shěngjiǎn)
- 節儉 / 节俭 (jiéjiǎn)
- 節省 / 节省 (jiéshěng)
- 節約 / 节约 (jiéyuē)
- 簡省 / 简省 (Hokkien)
- 粒積 / 粒积 (Hokkien)
- 𧺤儉 / 𧺤俭 (Hokkien)
Antonyms
[edit]Adverb
[edit]刻苦
Verb
[edit]刻苦
Synonyms
[edit]- 苛待 (kēdài)
Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
刻 | 苦 |
こく > こっ Grade: 6 |
く Grade: 3 |
on'yomi |
Noun
[edit]Verb
[edit]刻苦する • (kokku suru) suru (stem 刻苦し (kokku shi), past 刻苦した (kokku shita))
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "刻苦する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 刻苦し | こっくし | kokku shi | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 刻苦し | こっくし | kokku shi | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 刻苦する | こっくする | kokku suru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 刻苦する | こっくする | kokku suru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 刻苦すれ | こっくすれ | kokku sure | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 刻苦せよ¹ 刻苦しろ² |
こっくせよ¹ こっくしろ² |
kokku seyo¹ kokku shiro² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 刻苦される | こっくされる | kokku sareru | |
Causative | 刻苦させる 刻苦さす |
こっくさせる こっくさす |
kokku saseru kokku sasu | |
Potential | 刻苦できる | こっくできる | kokku dekiru | |
Volitional | 刻苦しよう | こっくしよう | kokku shiyō | |
Negative | 刻苦しない | こっくしない | kokku shinai | |
Negative continuative | 刻苦せず | こっくせず | kokku sezu | |
Formal | 刻苦します | こっくします | kokku shimasu | |
Perfective | 刻苦した | こっくした | kokku shita | |
Conjunctive | 刻苦して | こっくして | kokku shite | |
Hypothetical conditional | 刻苦すれば | こっくすれば | kokku sureba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative |
Categories:
- Mandarin terms with audio pronunciation
- Cantonese terms with audio pronunciation
- Mandarin terms with multiple pronunciations
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Sichuanese lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Hokkien lemmas
- Teochew lemmas
- Chinese adjectives
- Mandarin adjectives
- Sichuanese adjectives
- Cantonese adjectives
- Hokkien adjectives
- Teochew adjectives
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- Mandarin adverbs
- Sichuanese adverbs
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- Mandarin verbs
- Sichuanese verbs
- Cantonese verbs
- Hokkien verbs
- Teochew verbs
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 刻
- Chinese terms spelled with 苦
- Mandarin terms with usage examples
- Chinese dialectal terms
- Elementary Mandarin
- Japanese terms spelled with 刻 read as こく
- Japanese terms spelled with 苦 read as く
- Japanese terms read with on'yomi
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese nouns
- Japanese terms spelled with sixth grade kanji
- Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 2 kanji
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese suru verbs