修德

Chinese

		to decorate; to embellish; to repair to decorate; to embellish; to repair; to build; to study; to write; to cultivate	Germany; virtue; goodness Germany; virtue; goodness; morality; ethics; kindness; favour; character; kind
trad. (修德/脩德)		修/脩	德
simp. (修德)		修	德

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xiūdé

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄡ ㄉㄜˊ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xiūdé
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄡ ㄉㄜˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sioudé
    • Wade–Giles: hsiu¹-tê²
    • Yale: syōu-dé
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiouder
    • Palladius: сюдэ (sjudɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: sjuw tok

Rime
Character	修	德
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)	德 (131)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	息流切	多則切
Baxter	sjuw	tok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/sɨu/	/tək̚/
Pan Wuyun	/siu/	/tək̚/
Shao Rongfen	/siəu/	/tək̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/suw/	/tək̚/
Li Rong	/siu/	/tək̚/
Wang Li	/sĭəu/	/tək̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/si̯ə̯u/	/tək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiū	de
Expected Cantonese Reflex	sau1	dak1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-liw  tˤək/

  (Zhengzhang): /*slɯw  tɯːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	修	德
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiū	dé
Middle Chinese	‹ sjuw ›	‹ tok ›
Old Chinese	/*s-liw/	/*tˁək/
English	adorn	virtue
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	修	德
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	15475	17266
Phonetic component	攸	直
Rime group	幽	職
Rime subdivision	2	0
Corresponding MC rime	脩	德
Old Chinese	/*slɯw/	/*tɯːɡ/

Verb

修德

1. (literary, intransitive) to cultivate virtues

   • 姑務修德，以待時乎！ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     姑务修德，以待时乎！ [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

     Gū wù xiūdé, yǐ dàishí hū! [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)