下流

Chinese

		under; next; lower under; next; lower; below; underneath; down(wards); to go down; latter	to flow; to spread; to circulate to flow; to spread; to circulate; to move
trad. (下流)		下	流
simp. #(下流)		下	流
anagram		流下

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xiàliú

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄌㄧㄡˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): haa⁶ lau⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ha-liù
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hā-liû / hǎ-liû / hēe-liû

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hia⁶ liu⁵ / ê⁶ liu⁵

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xiàliú
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄌㄧㄡˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: siàlióu
    • Wade–Giles: hsia⁴-liu²
    • Yale: syà-lyóu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiahliou
    • Palladius: сялю (sjalju)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ä⁵¹ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: haa⁶ lau⁴
    • Yale: hah làuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haa⁶ lau⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: ha⁶ leo⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /haː²² lɐu̯²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ha-liù
    • Hakka Romanization System: ha liu^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ha⁴ liu²
    • Sinological IPA: /ha⁵⁵ li̯u¹¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā-liû
    • Tâi-lô: hā-liû
    • Phofsit Daibuun: haxliuu
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²⁻²¹ liu²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ha³³⁻²¹ liu²³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ha³³⁻¹¹ liu²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǎ-liû
    • Tâi-lô: hǎ-liû
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ha²² liu²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe-liû
    • Tâi-lô: hēe-liû
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²⁻²¹ liu¹³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: hia⁶ liu⁵ / ê⁶ liu⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiă liû / ĕ liû
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hia³⁵⁻¹¹ liu⁵⁵/, /e³⁵⁻¹¹ liu⁵⁵/

Note:

• hia6 liu5 - Chaozhou, Shantou, and Jieyang;
• ê6 liu5 - Pontinank.

Adjective

下流

1. indecent; lewd; vulgar; obscene; dirty

   下流的笑話／下流的笑话  ―  xiàliú de xiàohuà  ―  dirty joke

2. inferior; low-class

Synonyms

• (indecent):

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• 流淫 (liúyín) (literary)
• 淫猥 (yínwěi)
• 淫穢 / 淫秽 (yínhuì)
• 淫蕩 / 淫荡 (yíndàng)
• 淫賤 / 淫贱 (yínjiàn)
• 淫靡 (yínmǐ)
• 私褻 / 私亵 (sīxiè) (literary)
• 荒淫 (huāngyín)

 

Noun

下流

1. lower reaches of a river
2. (historical) plebeian; inferior rank

Derived terms

• 下流社會 / 下流社会
• 下流話 / 下流话
• 甘處下流 / 甘处下流

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (下流):

• → Japanese: 下流(かりゅう) (karyū)
• → Korean: 하류(下流) (haryu)
• → Vietnamese: hạ lưu (下流)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
下	流
か Grade: 1	りゅう Grade: 3
on'yomi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ka̠ɾʲɨː]

Noun

下(か)流(りゅう) • (karyū) 

1. downstream
2. lower classes

Antonyms

• 上流(じょうりゅう) (jōryū)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
下	流

Noun

下流

1. chữ Hán form of hạ lưu (“lower reaches; lower social classes”).