शम्

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• শম্ (Assamese script)
• ᬰᬫ᭄ (Balinese script)
• শম্ (Bengali script)
• 𑰫𑰦𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀰𑀫𑁆 (Brahmi script)
• ၐမ် (Burmese script)
• શમ્ (Gujarati script)
• ਸ਼ਮ੍ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌶𑌮𑍍 (Grantha script)
• ꦯꦩ꧀ (Javanese script)
• 𑂬𑂧𑂹 (Kaithi script)
• ಶಮ್ (Kannada script)
• ឝម៑ (Khmer script)
• ຨມ຺ (Lao script)
• ശമ് (Malayalam script)
• ᡧᠠᠮ (Manchu script)
• 𑘫𑘦𑘿 (Modi script)
• ᠱᠠᠮ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧋𑧆𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐱𑐩𑑂 (Newa script)
• ଶମ୍ (Odia script)
• ꢯꢪ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆯𑆩𑇀 (Sharada script)
• 𑖫𑖦𑖿 (Siddham script)
• ශම් (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩿𑩴 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚧𑚢𑚶 (Takri script)
• ஶம் (Tamil script)
• శమ్ (Telugu script)
• ศมฺ (Thai script)
• ཤ་མ྄ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒬𑒧𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨮𑨢𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱemh₂- (“to toil, to exert oneself”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κάμνω (kámnō, “to labour, to work hard”).

Root

शम् • (śam)

1. to toil at, fatigue or exert one's self (especially in performing ritual acts)
2. to prepare, arrange
3. to become tired, finish, stop, come to an end, rest, be quiet, calm, satisfied or contented
4. to cease, be allayed or extinguished
5. to put an end to, hurt, injure, destroy
6. to appease, allay, alleviate, pacify, calm, soothe, settle
7. to kill, slay, destroy, remove, extinguish
8. to leave off, desist
9. to conquer, subdue
10. to be entirely appeased or extinguished

Inflection

Forms of Sanskrit verbs are numerous and complicated. The following conjugation shows only a subset of all forms and should be treated as a guide.

Nonfinite Forms: शन्तुम् (śantum)
	Undeclinable
Infinitive	शन्तुम् śantum
Gerund	शमित्वा / शान्त्वा / शामम् śamitvā / śāntvā / śāmam
	Participles
Masculine/Neuter Gerundive	शम्य / शन्तव्य / शमनीय śamya / śantavya / śamanīya
Feminine Gerundive	शम्या / शन्तव्या / शमनीया śamyā / śantavyā / śamanīyā
Masculine/Neuter Past Passive Participle	शमित / शान्त śamita / śānta
Feminine Past Passive Participle	शमिता / शान्ता śamitā / śāntā
Masculine/Neuter Past Active Participle	शमितवत् śamitavat
Feminine Past Active Participle	शमितवती śamitavatī

Derived terms

Primary Verbal Forms

• शाम्यति (śāmyati, Present)
• शम्यति (śamyati, Present)
• शिम्यति (śimyati, Present)
• शम्नाति (śamnāti, Present)
• शशाम (śaśāma, Perfect)

Derived Nominal Forms

• शम (śama)
• शान्ति (śānti)

Prefixed Root Forms

• प्रशम् (praśam)
• उपशम् (upaśam)

Etymology 2

From an earlier *श्वम् (śvam), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćwamH-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁- (“to swell, to be strong”). Compare श्वयति (śvayati), Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬇𐬧 (spə̄ṇ, “beneficial”).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɕɐ́m/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ɕɐm/

Adverb

शम् • (śám)

1. auspiciously, fortunately, happily, well

Derived terms

• शंकर (śaṃkara)
• शंतनु (śaṃtanu)
• शम्भु (śambhu)

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “शम्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1053/3.
• Monier Williams (1899) “शम्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1054/2.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 609-610; 610-611