चतुरङ्ग
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Sanskrit
[edit]Alternative scripts
[edit]Alternative scripts
- চতুৰঙ্গ (Assamese script)
- ᬘᬢᬸᬭᬗ᭄ᬕ (Balinese script)
- চতুরঙ্গ (Bengali script)
- 𑰓𑰝𑰲𑰨𑰒𑰿𑰐 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀘𑀢𑀼𑀭𑀗𑁆𑀕 (Brahmi script)
- စတုရင်္ဂ (Burmese script)
- ચતુરઙ્ગ (Gujarati script)
- ਚਤੁਰਙ੍ਗ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌚𑌤𑍁𑌰𑌙𑍍𑌗 (Grantha script)
- ꦕꦠꦸꦫꦔ꧀ꦒ (Javanese script)
- 𑂒𑂞𑂳𑂩𑂑𑂹𑂏 (Kaithi script)
- ಚತುರಙ್ಗ (Kannada script)
- ចតុរង្គ (Khmer script)
- ຈຕຸຣງ຺ຄ (Lao script)
- ചതുരങ്ഗ (Malayalam script)
- ᢜᠠᢠᡠᡵᠠᢛᡤᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘓𑘝𑘳𑘨𑘒𑘿𑘐 (Modi script)
- ᢋᠠᢐᠤᠷᠠᢊᠺᠠ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦳𑦽𑧔𑧈𑦲𑧠𑦰 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐔𑐟𑐸𑐬𑐒𑑂𑐐 (Newa script)
- ଚତୁରଙ୍ଗ (Odia script)
- ꢗꢡꢸꢬꢖ꣄ꢔ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆖𑆠𑆶𑆫𑆕𑇀𑆓 (Sharada script)
- 𑖓𑖝𑖲𑖨𑖒𑖿𑖐 (Siddham script)
- චතුරඞ්ග (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩡𑩫𑩒𑩼𑩠 𑪙𑩞 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚏𑚙𑚰𑚤𑚎𑚶𑚌 (Takri script)
- சதுரங்க³ (Tamil script)
- చతురఙ్గ (Telugu script)
- จตุรงฺค (Thai script)
- ཙ་ཏུ་ར་ངྒ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒔𑒞𑒳𑒩𑒓𑓂𑒑 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨣𑨙𑨃𑨫𑨏𑩇𑨍 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
[edit]Compound of चतुर् (catur, “four”) + अङ्ग (aṅga, “limb, member”)
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]चतुरङ्ग • (caturaṅga) stem
- having 4 limbs
- c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.92.11:
- ते हि द्यावा॑पृथि॒वी भूरि॑रेतसा॒ नरा॒शंस॒श्चतु॑रङ्गो य॒मोऽदि॑तिः।
दे॒वस्त्वष्टा॑ द्रविणो॒दा ऋ॑भु॒क्षण॒: प्र रो॑द॒सी म॒रुतो॒ विष्णु॑रर्हिरे॥- té hí dyā́vāpṛthivī́ bhū́riretasā nárāśáṃsaścáturaṅgo yamóʼditiḥ.
devástváṣṭā draviṇodā́ ṛbhukṣáṇa: prá rodasī́ marúto víṣṇurarhire. - They the heaven and earth, abounding with waters, the Narāśaṃsa rite with its four limbs, Yama, Aditi, the divine Tvaṣṭā, (Agni) the giver of wealth, the Ṛbhus, Rodasī, the Maruts, and Viṣṇu are worshipped by us.
- té hí dyā́vāpṛthivī́ bhū́riretasā nárāśáṃsaścáturaṅgo yamóʼditiḥ.
- ते हि द्यावा॑पृथि॒वी भूरि॑रेतसा॒ नरा॒शंस॒श्चतु॑रङ्गो य॒मोऽदि॑तिः।
- (with बल (bala, “an army”)) comprising (4 parts, viz.) elephants, chariots, cavalry, and infantry (MBh. III, 790, R. II, 51, 7)
Declension
[edit]| Masculine a-stem declension of चतुरङ्ग | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. sg. | चतुरङगः (caturaṅagaḥ) | ||
| Gen. sg. | चतुरङगस्य (caturaṅagasya) | ||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | चतुरङगः (caturaṅagaḥ) | चतुरङगौ (caturaṅagau) | चतुरङगाः (caturaṅagāḥ) |
| Vocative | चतुरङग (caturaṅaga) | चतुरङगौ (caturaṅagau) | चतुरङगाः (caturaṅagāḥ) |
| Accusative | चतुरङगम् (caturaṅagam) | चतुरङगौ (caturaṅagau) | चतुरङगान् (caturaṅagān) |
| Instrumental | चतुरङगेण (caturaṅageṇa) | चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām) | चतुरङगैः (caturaṅagaiḥ) |
| Dative | चतुरङगाय (caturaṅagāya) | चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām) | चतुरङगेभ्यः (caturaṅagebhyaḥ) |
| Ablative | चतुरङगात् (caturaṅagāt) | चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām) | चतुरङगेभ्यः (caturaṅagebhyaḥ) |
| Genitive | चतुरङगस्य (caturaṅagasya) | चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ) | चतुरङगाणाम् (caturaṅagāṇām) |
| Locative | चतुरङगे (caturaṅage) | चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ) | चतुरङगेषु (caturaṅageṣu) |
| Feminine ā-stem declension of चतुरङ्ग | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. sg. | चतुरङगा (caturaṅagā) | ||
| Gen. sg. | चतुरङगायाः (caturaṅagāyāḥ) | ||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | चतुरङगा (caturaṅagā) | चतुरङगे (caturaṅage) | चतुरङगाः (caturaṅagāḥ) |
| Vocative | चतुरङगे (caturaṅage) | चतुरङगे (caturaṅage) | चतुरङगाः (caturaṅagāḥ) |
| Accusative | चतुरङगाम् (caturaṅagām) | चतुरङगे (caturaṅage) | चतुरङगाः (caturaṅagāḥ) |
| Instrumental | चतुरङगया (caturaṅagayā) | चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām) | चतुरङगाभिः (caturaṅagābhiḥ) |
| Dative | चतुरङगायै (caturaṅagāyai) | चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām) | चतुरङगाभ्यः (caturaṅagābhyaḥ) |
| Ablative | चतुरङगायाः (caturaṅagāyāḥ) | चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām) | चतुरङगाभ्यः (caturaṅagābhyaḥ) |
| Genitive | चतुरङगायाः (caturaṅagāyāḥ) | चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ) | चतुरङगाणाम् (caturaṅagāṇām) |
| Locative | चतुरङगायाम् (caturaṅagāyām) | चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ) | चतुरङगासु (caturaṅagāsu) |
| Neuter a-stem declension of चतुरङ्ग | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. sg. | चतुरङगम् (caturaṅagam) | ||
| Gen. sg. | चतुरङगस्य (caturaṅagasya) | ||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | चतुरङगम् (caturaṅagam) | चतुरङगे (caturaṅage) | चतुरङगाणि (caturaṅagāṇi) |
| Vocative | चतुरङग (caturaṅaga) | चतुरङगे (caturaṅage) | चतुरङगाणि (caturaṅagāṇi) |
| Accusative | चतुरङगम् (caturaṅagam) | चतुरङगे (caturaṅage) | चतुरङगाणि (caturaṅagāṇi) |
| Instrumental | चतुरङगेण (caturaṅageṇa) | चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām) | चतुरङगैः (caturaṅagaiḥ) |
| Dative | चतुरङगाय (caturaṅagāya) | चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām) | चतुरङगेभ्यः (caturaṅagebhyaḥ) |
| Ablative | चतुरङगात् (caturaṅagāt) | चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām) | चतुरङगेभ्यः (caturaṅagebhyaḥ) |
| Genitive | चतुरङगस्य (caturaṅagasya) | चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ) | चतुरङगाणाम् (caturaṅagāṇām) |
| Locative | चतुरङगे (caturaṅage) | चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ) | चतुरङगेषु (caturaṅageṣu) |
Noun
[edit]चतुरङ्ग • (caturaṅga) stem, m
- Cucumis utilissimus
- name of a son of रोमपाद (romapāda) or लोमपाद (lomapāda) (Hariv. 1697 f., BhP. IX, 23, 10)
- (scil. बल (bala)) = चतुरङ्गबल (cátur-aṅga-bala) (AV., Pariś. ??, MBh. IX, 446)
- (chess) a kind of chess (played by 4 parties) (Tithyād.)
Declension
[edit]| Masculine a-stem declension of चतुरङ्ग | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. sg. | चतुरङगः (caturaṅagaḥ) | ||
| Gen. sg. | चतुरङगस्य (caturaṅagasya) | ||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | चतुरङगः (caturaṅagaḥ) | चतुरङगौ (caturaṅagau) | चतुरङगाः (caturaṅagāḥ) |
| Vocative | चतुरङग (caturaṅaga) | चतुरङगौ (caturaṅagau) | चतुरङगाः (caturaṅagāḥ) |
| Accusative | चतुरङगम् (caturaṅagam) | चतुरङगौ (caturaṅagau) | चतुरङगान् (caturaṅagān) |
| Instrumental | चतुरङगेण (caturaṅageṇa) | चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām) | चतुरङगैः (caturaṅagaiḥ) |
| Dative | चतुरङगाय (caturaṅagāya) | चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām) | चतुरङगेभ्यः (caturaṅagebhyaḥ) |
| Ablative | चतुरङगात् (caturaṅagāt) | चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām) | चतुरङगेभ्यः (caturaṅagebhyaḥ) |
| Genitive | चतुरङगस्य (caturaṅagasya) | चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ) | चतुरङगाणाम् (caturaṅagāṇām) |
| Locative | चतुरङगे (caturaṅage) | चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ) | चतुरङगेषु (caturaṅageṣu) |
Descendants
[edit]- → Kannada: ಚದುರಂಗ (caduraṅga)
- → Malayalam: ചതുരംഗം (caturaṅgaṁ)
- → Malay: catur
- → Middle Persian: 𐭰𐭠𐭲𐭫𐭠𐭭𐭢 (ctlng /čatrang/)
- Pali: caturaṅga
- → Tamil: சதுரங்கம் (caturaṅkam)
- → Telugu: చతురంగము (caturaṅgamu)
References
[edit]- Jacobi, Hermann (1896) “Ueber zwei ältere Erwähnungen des Schachspiels in der Sanskrit-Litteratur”, in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft[1] (in German), volume 50, pages 227–233
- Monier Williams (1899) “चतुरङ्ग”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0384.