कपोल

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit कपोल (kapola).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /kə.poːl/, [kɐ.poːl]

Noun

कपोल • (kapol) m

1. (anatomy) cheek

   Synonyms: गाल (gāl), रुख़सार (ruxsār)

Declension

Declension of कपोल (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	कपोल kapol	कपोल kapol
oblique	कपोल kapol	कपोलों kapolõ
vocative	कपोल kapol	कपोलो kapolo

Further reading

• Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975) “कपोल”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha, page 785
• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “कपोल”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press, page 166

Old Awadhi

Noun

कपोल (kapola)

1. Devanagari script form of 𑂍𑂣𑂷𑂪 (“cheek”)
   • c. 1500s CE, Tulsīdās, Rāmacaritamānasa :

     सरद मयंक बदन छबि सींवा ।
     चारु कपोल चिबुक दर ग्रीवा ॥

     sarada mayaṃka badana chabi sīṃvā.
     cāru kapola cibuka dara grīvā.

     The moon of the Sharad Purnima is the outline of the image of his face,
     Beautiful are his cheek and chin, and his neck is like the shankha.

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• kapola (Latin script)
• 𑀓𑀧𑁄𑀮 (Brahmi script)
• কপোল (Bengali script)
• කපොල (Sinhalese script)
• ကပေါလ or ၵပေႃလ (Burmese script)
• กโปล or กะโปละ (Thai script)
• ᨠᨷᩮᩤᩃ (Tai Tham script)
• ກໂປລ or ກະໂປລະ (Lao script)
• កបោល (Khmer script)
• 𑄇𑄛𑄮𑄣 (Chakma script)

Noun

कपोल m

1. Devanagari script form of kapola

Declension

Declension table of "कपोल" (masculine)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	कपोलो (kapolo)	कपोला (kapolā)
Accusative (second)	कपोलं (kapolaṃ)	कपोले (kapole)
Instrumental (third)	कपोलेन (kapolena)	कपोलेहि (kapolehi) or कपोलेभि (kapolebhi)
Dative (fourth)	कपोलस्स (kapolassa) or कपोलाय (kapolāya) or कपोलत्थं (kapolatthaṃ)	कपोलानं (kapolānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	कपोलस्मा (kapolasmā) or कपोलम्हा (kapolamhā) or कपोला (kapolā)	कपोलेहि (kapolehi) or कपोलेभि (kapolebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	कपोलस्स (kapolassa)	कपोलानं (kapolānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	कपोलस्मिं (kapolasmiṃ) or कपोलम्हि (kapolamhi) or कपोले (kapole)	कपोलेसु (kapolesu)
Vocative (calling)	कपोल (kapola)	कपोला (kapolā)

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• কপোল (Assamese script)
• ᬓᬧᭀᬮ (Balinese script)
• কপোল (Bengali script)
• 𑰎𑰢𑰺𑰩 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀓𑀧𑁄𑀮 (Brahmi script)
• ကပေါလ (Burmese script)
• કપોલ (Gujarati script)
• ਕਪੋਲ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌕𑌪𑍋𑌲 (Grantha script)
• ꦏꦥꦺꦴꦭ (Javanese script)
• 𑂍𑂣𑂷𑂪 (Kaithi script)
• ಕಪೋಲ (Kannada script)
• កបោល (Khmer script)
• ກໂປລ (Lao script)
• കപോല (Malayalam script)
• ᡬᠠᢒᠣᠯᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘎𑘢𑘻𑘩 (Modi script)
• ᢉᠠᢒᠣᠸᠠᠯᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦮𑧂𑧜𑧉 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐎𑐥𑑀𑐮 (Newa script)
• କପୋଲ (Odia script)
• ꢒꢦꣂꢭ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆑𑆥𑆾𑆬 (Sharada script)
• 𑖎𑖢𑖺𑖩 (Siddham script)
• කපොල (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩜𑩰𑩕𑩽 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚊𑚞𑚴𑚥 (Takri script)
• கபோல (Tamil script)
• కపోల (Telugu script)
• กโปล (Thai script)
• ཀ་པོ་ལ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒏𑒣𑒼𑒪 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨋𑨞𑨆𑨬 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

As a (1) trisyllabic noun with long medial vowel, and (2) noun prefixed with ka-, ki-, ku-, the lemma is characteristic, even prototypical, of proposed loanwords in Vedic from an unknown substrate, dubbed "language X" by Masica, and Proto-Munda by Witzel, expanding on observations by Pinnow and Mayrhofer. Claims of borrowing from Dravidian, ultimately from Proto-Dravidian *kapVḷ, are described as 'possible', though dispreferred to the above, by Turner, and rejected implicitly by Mayrhofer, and explicitly and unequivocally by Witzel and Masica.

Under the orthodox explanation, related to Old English hafela and Latin caput (“head”). Indo-European genesis is substantiated by collateral and related forms, including कर्पर (karpara), कूर्पर (kūrpara), कपाल (kapāla), कपल (kapala), कपोली (kapolī), and possibly कफोणि (kaphoṇi), कफौड (kaphauḍa), and कपाट (kapāṭa): the association, or at least homonymy, of terms for the knee and the cheek is exhibited in Proto-Indo-European *ǵénus (“cheek, jaw”) and *ǵónu (“knee”), whence English chin and knee, respectively. The primary challenge is medial vowel length in the adduced Indic lemmas varying as a direct function of the presence of a liquid in the initial syllable, which may demonstrate either compensatory lengthening or shortening of the medial vowel depending on the ultimate origin.

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /kɐ.pɐw.lɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /kɐˈpoː.l̪ɐ/

Noun

कपोल • (kapolá) stem, m

1. (anatomy) cheek

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:गल्ल

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of कपोल

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	कपोलः (kapolaḥ)	कपोलौ (kapolau) कपोला¹ (kapolā¹)	कपोलाः (kapolāḥ) कपोलासः¹ (kapolāsaḥ¹)
vocative	कपोल (kapola)	कपोलौ (kapolau) कपोला¹ (kapolā¹)	कपोलाः (kapolāḥ) कपोलासः¹ (kapolāsaḥ¹)
accusative	कपोलम् (kapolam)	कपोलौ (kapolau) कपोला¹ (kapolā¹)	कपोलान् (kapolān)
instrumental	कपोलेन (kapolena)	कपोलाभ्याम् (kapolābhyām)	कपोलैः (kapolaiḥ) कपोलेभिः¹ (kapolebhiḥ¹)
dative	कपोलाय (kapolāya)	कपोलाभ्याम् (kapolābhyām)	कपोलेभ्यः (kapolebhyaḥ)
ablative	कपोलात् (kapolāt)	कपोलाभ्याम् (kapolābhyām)	कपोलेभ्यः (kapolebhyaḥ)
genitive	कपोलस्य (kapolasya)	कपोलयोः (kapolayoḥ)	कपोलानाम् (kapolānām)
locative	कपोले (kapole)	कपोलयोः (kapolayoḥ)	कपोलेषु (kapoleṣu)

• ¹Vedic

Descendants

• Pali: kapola
• Prakrit: 𑀓𑀯𑁄𑀮 (kavola)
  • Apabhramsa: kavola

    Devanagari script: कवोल

    Sharada script: 𑆑𑆮𑆾𑆬

• → Hindi: कपोल (kapol)
• → Telugu: కపోలము (kapōlamu)

Further reading

• Otto Böhtlingk, Richard Schmidt (1879-1928) “कपोल”, in Walter Slaje, Jürgen Hanneder, Paul Molitor, Jörg Ritter, editors, Nachtragswörterbuch des Sanskrit [Dictionary of Sanskrit with supplements] (in German), Halle-Wittenberg: Martin-Luther-Universität, published 2016
• Monier Williams (1899) “कपोल”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 251, column 2.
• Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890) “कपोल”, in The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, Poona: Prasad Prakashan, page 532
• Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003) The Dravidian Languages (Cambridge Language Surveys), Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 16.