إن
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Arabic
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Proto-West Semitic *him, from Proto-Semitic *šim.
Pronunciation
[edit]Conjunction
[edit]إِن • (ʔin)
- (conditional) if (possible, not contrary to fact)
- إِنْ تَدْرُسْ تَنْجَحْ
- ʔin tadrus tanjaḥ
- If you study you (will) succeed.
- إِنْ لَا تَدْرُسْ لَا تَنْجَحْ
- ʔin lā tadrus lā tanjaḥ
- If you do not study you (will) not succeed.
- اَلْمَرْءُ مَقْتُولٌ بِمَا قَتَلَ بِهِ: إِنْ سَيْفًا فَسَيْفٌ، وَإِنْ خِنْجَرًا فَخِنْجَرٌ.
- al-marʔu maqtūlun bimā qatala bihi: ʔin sayfan fasayfun, waʔin ḵinjaran faḵinjarun.
- A person is killed by what they are killed with, whether it's a sword, it's a sword, and if it's a dagger, it's a dagger.
- اَلنَّاسُ مَجْزِيُّونَ بِأَعَمَالِهِمْ: إِنْ خَيْرًا فَخَيْرٌ، وَإنْ شَرًّا فَشَرٌّ.
- an-nāsu majziyyūna biʔaʕamālihim: ʔin ḵayran faḵayrun, waʔin šarran fašarrun.
- People are rewarded for their deeds, if it's good, it's good, and if it's evil, it's evil.
Usage notes
[edit]Normally for conditions that are capable of being fulfilled. For contrary-to-fact conditions, use لَوْ (law). Used with the past tense or the jussive, in both cases with a present-tense meaning.
Synonyms
[edit]- إِذْمَا (ʔiḏmā)
Derived terms
[edit]- إِمَّا (ʔimmā)
Etymology 2
[edit]Cognate to Hebrew הִנֵּה (“lo, behold”).[1][2]
Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]إِنَّ • (ʔinna)
- indeed, an emphasizing sentence particle, usually untranslated
- إِنِّي فَقِيرٌ وَلَا أَجِدُ طَعَامًا أُطْعِمُ أَوْلَادِي وَعَائِلَتِي، فَسَاعِدْنِي.
- ʔinnī faqīrun wa-lā ʔajidu ṭaʕāman ʔuṭʕimu ʔawlādī wa-ʕāʔilatī, fa-sāʕidnī.
- Indeed, I am poor and can't find food to feed my children and my family, so please help me.
Usage notes
[edit]- The subject of a clause containing إِنَّ (ʔinna) takes the accusative case, personal pronouns take enclitic forms.
- When إِنَّ (ʔinna) is followed by the first person singular enclitic ـِي (-ī, “my, me”), it produces forms إِنِّي (ʔinnī) or إِنَّنِي (ʔinnanī). When it is followed by the first person plural enclitic نَا (nā, “our, us”), it produces forms إِنَّا (ʔinnā) or إِنَّنَا (ʔinnanā).
Inflection
[edit]Inflected forms | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Base form | إِنَّ (ʔinna) | ||||
Personal-pronoun- including forms |
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
Masculine | Feminine | Common | Masculine | Feminine | |
First person | إِنِّي / إِنَّنِي (ʔinnī / ʔinnanī) | إِنَّنَا / إِنَّا (ʔinnanā / ʔinnā) | |||
Second person | إِنَّكَ (ʔinnaka) | إِنَّكِ (ʔinnaki) | إِنَّكُمَا (ʔinnakumā) | إِنَّكُمْ (ʔinnakum) | إِنَّكُنَّ (ʔinnakunna) |
Third person | إِنَّهُ (ʔinnahu) | إِنَّهَا (ʔinnahā) | إِنَّهُمَا (ʔinnahumā) | إِنَّهُمْ (ʔinnahum) | إِنَّهُنَّ (ʔinnahunna) |
Derived terms
[edit]- إِنَّمَا (ʔinnamā)
See also
[edit]- (ʾinna and her sisters) إِنَّ وَأَخَوَاتُهَا (ʔinna waʔaḵawātuhā); إِنَّ (ʔinna), أَنَّ (ʔanna), لٰكِنَّ (lākinna), كَأَنَّ (kaʔanna), لِأَنَّ (liʔanna), لٰكِنَّ (lākinna), لَعَلَّ (laʕalla), لَيْتَ (layta), (Category: Sisters of ʾinna)
Etymology 3
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]إِنْ • (ʔin)
- (archaic) not
- a. 869, Al-Jāḥiẓ, “طرف أهل خراسان”, in البخلاء:
- لَا وَٱللّٰهِ، إِنْ أَهْلَكَ النَّاسَ وَلَا أَقْفَرَ بُيُوتَهُمْ وَلَا تَرَكَ دُورَهُمْ بَلَاقِعَ إِلَّا الْإِيمَانُ بِٱلْخَلَفِ
- lā wal-lāhi, ʔin ʔahlaka n-nāsa walā ʔaqfara buyūtahum walā taraka dūrahum balāqiʕa ʔillā l-ʔīmānu bi-l-ḵalafi
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Synonyms
[edit]- مَا (mā)
References
[edit]- ^ Lipiński, Edward (2001) Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta; 80), 2nd edition, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, page 482:
- One of the oldest and most important presentatives is *han, attested in Palaeosyrian and in Old Akkadian en-ma, later umma by assimilation. It is found in Ugaritic (hn), in Old Canaanite (a-nu, a-nu-ú, an-nu, an-nu-ú), in Hebrew (hinnē), in Arabic (ʾinna), In Ge'ez (ʾən-ka); e.g. Arabic ʾinna llāha ʾalā kulli šayʾin qadīrun, "behold, God has power over everything". It should be identified with the West Semitic article han-, but carefully distinguished from the conditional particle hn → ʾn.
- ^ Hetzron, Robert (1997) The Semitic Languages, page 201: The [Arabic] particle ʾinna, etymologically cognate to Hebrew hen, hinne: "behold", emphasizes that the speaker's utterance is true.
- Lane, Edward William (1863) “إن”, in Arabic-English Lexicon[1], London: Williams & Norgate, page 103 seqq.
- Wehr, Hans (1979) “إن”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 37
Egyptian Arabic
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Conjunction
[edit]إن • (ʔin)
- if
- إن قلت أه نبقى موافقين
- ʔin ʔult ʔāh nibʔa mwafʔīn
- If you say yes, we're agreed.
- إن كان كويس ولا وحش
- ʔin kān kuwayyis walla wiḥiš
- Whether it be good or bad.
See also
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Conjunction
[edit]إن • (ʔinn)
- that
- واضح إنه بيحبك
- wāḍiḥ ʔinnu biyḥibbik
- It's obvious that he loves you.
- بيصرف مال كإنه غني
- biyiṣrif māl ka-ʔinnu ḡani
- He spends money as if he were rich.
South Levantine Arabic
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Conjunction
[edit]إن • (ʔin)
Usage notes
[edit]- إن (ʔin) is always followed by a verb in the past tense, even if referring to an action in the future.
See also
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]See إنّه (ʔinno).
Conjunction
[edit]إنّـ • (ʔinn-)
Usage notes
[edit]- This preposition can be either used invariable in the form إنّه (ʔinno) or with an attached suffix pronoun.
- The suffix pronoun agrees with the subject of the subordinate clause.
Inflection
[edit]Inflected forms of إن | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Base form | إنّـ (ʔinn-) | ||||
Personal-pronoun- including forms |
singular | plural | |||
m | f | ||||
1st person | إنّي (ʔinni) | إنّا (ʔinna) | |||
2nd person | إنّك (ʔinnak) | إنّك (ʔinnek) | إنكم (ʔinkom) | ||
3rd person | إنّه (ʔinno) | إنها (ʔinha) | إنهم (ʔinhom) |
Derived terms
[edit]Categories:
- Arabic terms inherited from Proto-West Semitic
- Arabic terms derived from Proto-West Semitic
- Arabic terms inherited from Proto-Semitic
- Arabic terms derived from Proto-Semitic
- Arabic 1-syllable words
- Arabic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Arabic lemmas
- Arabic conjunctions
- Arabic terms with usage examples
- Arabic terms with quotations
- Arabic 2-syllable words
- Arabic particles
- Sisters of ʾinna
- Arabic terms with archaic senses
- Arabic jussive particles
- Arabic negatives
- Egyptian Arabic terms inherited from Arabic
- Egyptian Arabic terms derived from Arabic
- Egyptian Arabic lemmas
- Egyptian Arabic conjunctions
- Egyptian Arabic terms with usage examples
- South Levantine Arabic terms inherited from Arabic
- South Levantine Arabic terms derived from Arabic
- South Levantine Arabic lemmas
- South Levantine Arabic conjunctions
- South Levantine Arabic terms with usage examples