дух

See also: доухъ

Belarusian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *duxъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [dux]

Noun

дух • (dux) m pers (genitive ду́ха, nominative plural ду́хі, genitive plural ду́хаў)

1. ghost

Declension

Declension of дух (pr velar masc-form accent-a)

	singular	plural
nominative	дух dux	ду́хі dúxi
genitive	ду́ха dúxa	ду́хаў dúxaŭ
dative	ду́ху dúxu	ду́хам dúxam
accusative	ду́ха dúxa	ду́хаў dúxaŭ
instrumental	ду́хам dúxam	ду́хамі dúxami
locative	ду́ху dúxu	ду́хах dúxax
count form	—	ду́хі1 dúxi1

¹Used with the numbers 2, 3, 4 and higher numbers after 20 ending in 2, 3, and 4.

Noun

дух • (dux) m inan (genitive ду́ху, uncountable)

1. spirit

   Баявы́ дух. ― Bajavý dux. ― Fighting spirit.

Declension

Declension of дух (inan sg-only velar masc-form accent-a)

	singular
nominative	дух dux
genitive	ду́ху dúxu
dative	ду́ху dúxu
accusative	дух dux
instrumental	ду́хам dúxam
locative	ду́ху dúxu

References

• “дух” in Belarusian–Russian dictionaries and Belarusian dictionaries at slounik.org

Bulgarian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *duxъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [dux]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

дух • (duh) m

1. ghost
2. spirit

Declension

Declension of дух

	singular	plural
indefinite	дух duh	ду́хове, духове́ dúhove, duhové
definite (subject form)	духъ́т duhǎ́t	ду́ховете, духове́те dúhovete, duhovéte
definite (object form)	духа́ duhá
count form	—	ду́ха dúha
vocative form	ду́хо dúho	ду́хове, духове́ dúhove, duhové

References

• “дух”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
• “дух”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010

Macedonian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *duxъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [dux]
• Hyphenation: дух

Noun

дух • (duh) m (plural ду́хови, relational adjective ду́ховен)

1. ghost
2. spirit
3. (figurative) essence
4. soul

   Synonym: ду́ша (dúša)

Declension

Declension of дух

	singular	plural
indefinite	дух (duh)	духови (duhovi)
definite unspecified	духот (duhot)	духовите (duhovite)
definite proximal	духов (duhov)	духовиве (duhovive)
definite distal	духон (duhon)	духовине (duhovine)
vocative	духу (duhu)	духови (duhovi)
count form	—	духа (duha)

References

• “дух” in Дигитален речник на македонскиот јазик (Digitalen rečnik na makedonskiot jazik) [Digital dictionary of the Macedonian language] − drmj.eu

Russian

Alternative forms

• духъ (dux) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *duxъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [dux]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

дух • (dux) m anim or m inan (genitive ду́ха, nominative plural ду́хи, genitive plural ду́хов, relational adjective духово́й)

1. spirit

   боево́й дух ― bojevój dux ― morale (literally, “fighting spirit”)

   не в ду́хе ― ne v dúxe ― in a bad mood

2. mind
3. courage
4. ghost
5. breath
6. scent
7. rebel (especially in Afghanistan; from душма́н (dušmán))
8. (military, slang) new recruit, rookie who is sometimes abused by the longer serving soldiers

Declension

Declension of дух (bian masc-form velar-stem accent-a) 

		singular	plural
nominative		ду́х dúx	ду́хи dúxi
genitive		ду́ха dúxa	ду́хов dúxov
dative		ду́ху dúxu	ду́хам dúxam
accusative	animate	ду́ха dúxa	ду́хов dúxov
	inanimate	ду́х dúx	ду́хи dúxi
instrumental		ду́хом dúxom	ду́хами dúxami
prepositional		ду́хе dúxe	ду́хах dúxax
partitive		ду́ху dúxu
locative		духу́ duxú
vocative		ду́ше dúše

Related terms

• во́здух (vózdux)
• духи́ (duxí)
• духо́вный (duxóvnyj)
• души́стый (dušístyj)
• ду́шный (dúšnyj)
• душо́к (dušók)

Descendants

• → Armenian: դուխ (dux)
• → Azerbaijani: dux
• → Gagauz: duh

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *duxъ, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dûx/

Noun

ду̏х m (Latin spelling dȕh)

1. ghost
2. spirit

   Исус, пак пун Духа Светог, врати се од Јордана, и одведе Га Дух у пустињу, […]

   Isus, pak pun Duha Svetog, vrati se od Jordana, i odvede Ga Duh u pustinju, […]

   Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit, left the Jordan and was led by the Spirit into the wilderness, […]

Declension

Declension of дух

	singular	plural
nominative	ду̏х	ду̀хови / ду̏си
genitive	духа	ду̀хо̄ва̄ / ду̑ха̄
dative	духу	ду̀ховима / ду̏сима
accusative	духа	ду̀хове / ду̏хе
vocative	ду̏ше	ду̀хови / ду̏си
locative	духу	ду̀ховима / ду̏сима
instrumental	духом	ду̀ховима / ду̏сима

Related terms

• ду́ша

Further reading

• “дух”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

Ukrainian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *duxъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [dux]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

дух • (dux) m inan (genitive ду́ху, uncountable)

1. spirit

Declension

Declension of дух (inan sg-only velar masc-form accent-a)

	singular
nominative	дух dux
genitive	ду́ху dúxu
dative	ду́хові, ду́ху dúxovi, dúxu
accusative	дух dux
instrumental	ду́хом dúxom
locative	ду́сі, ду́хові dúsi, dúxovi
vocative	ду́ху dúxu

Noun

дух • (dux) m pers (genitive ду́ха, nominative plural ду́хи, genitive plural ду́хів)

1. ghost

   Synonym: при́вид m (prývyd)

Declension

Declension of дух (pers velar masc-form accent-a)

	singular	plural
nominative	дух dux	ду́хи dúxy
genitive	ду́ха dúxa	ду́хів dúxiv
dative	ду́хові, ду́ху dúxovi, dúxu	ду́хам dúxam
accusative	ду́ха dúxa	ду́хів dúxiv
instrumental	ду́хом dúxom	ду́хами dúxamy
locative	ду́хові, ду́ху dúxovi, dúxu	ду́хах dúxax
vocative	ду́ху dúxu	ду́хи dúxy

Further reading

• Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “дух”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
• Shyrokov, V. A., editor (2010–2023), “дух”, in Словник української мови: у 20 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 20 vols] (in Ukrainian), volumes 1–14 (а – префере́нція), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka; Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund, →ISBN