до

See also: до- and Appendix:Variations of "do"

Bulgarian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *do, from Proto-Indo-European *de.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [dɔ]

• Audio:

  (file)

Preposition

до • (do)

1. near, close to

   един до друг ― edin do drug ― side by side

2. up to, as far as

   до кръста ― do krǎsta ― down to the waist

3. until, till

   до последната минута ― do poslednata minuta ― till the last minute

Anagrams

• -од (-od), до- (do-)

Dungan

Etymology

Cognate of Mandarin Chinese 刀 (dāo)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tɔ²⁴/

Noun

до • (do) (I)

1. knife

Even

Etymology

From Proto-Tungusic *dō, compare Manchu ᡩᠣ (do).

Noun

до (do)

1. the inside

Macedonian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [dɔ]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔ

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do.

Preposition

до • (do)

1. next to, beside

   Ќе седнам до тебе.

   Ḱe sednam do tebe.

   I'm going to sit down next to you.

2. to, up to

   Ќе одиме до езерото.

   Ḱe odime do ezeroto.

   We'll go up to the lake.

3. until

   Нема да се видиме до крајот на годинава.

   Nema da se vidime do krajot na godinava.

   We won't see each other until the end of this year.

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Italian do, from the name of musicologist Giovanni Battista Doni.

Noun

до • (do)

1. (music) do
2. C (musical note)

Nanai

Etymology

From Proto-Tungusic *dō, compare Manchu ᡩᠣ (do).

Noun

до (do)

1. the inside; the soul
2. bosom; bowels of the earth

Old Church Slavonic

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *do.

Preposition

до • (do)

1. up to
2. until

Old East Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *do. Cognates include Old Church Slavonic до (do) and Old Polish do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dɔ/→/dɔ/→/dɔ/

• (ca. 9^th CE) IPA^(key): /dɔ/
• (ca. 11^th CE) IPA^(key): /dɔ/
• (ca. 13^th CE) IPA^(key): /dɔ/

• Hyphenation: до

Preposition

до (do) (+ genitive)

1. up to
   • 1076, Sviatoslav's izbornik‎^[1], page 2:

     ѥгда чьтеши книгꙑ· не тъштисѧ бърꙁо иштисти до дроугыꙗ главиꙁнꙑ·

     jegda čĭteši knigy· ne tŭštisę bŭrzo ištisti do drugyja glavizny·

     when you read books, don't strive to quickly read on to the following chapter.

2. until

Descendants

• Old Ruthenian: до (do)
  • Belarusian: да (da)
  • Carpathian Rusyn: до (do)
  • Ukrainian: до (do)
• Russian: до (do)

References

• Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1893) “до”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎^[2] (in Russian), volume 1 (А – К), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 670

Pannonian Rusyn

Etymology

Inherited from Old Slovak do, from Proto-Slavic *do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈdɔ]
• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Hyphenation: до
• Homophone: до- (do-)

Preposition

до (do) [with genitive]

1. expresses a spatial relationship
   1. in, into (denotes motion towards the interior of something)

      положиц до кишенку ― položic do kišenku ― to put in the pocket

      насипац воду до фляши ― nasipac vodu do fljaši ― to pour water into the bottle

   2. to, toward (indicates the place of direction of an action)

      Near-synonyms: ґу (gu), на (na)

      пошол до дутяну ― pošol do dutjanu ― he went to the store

      преселєли ше до валалу ― preseljeli še do valalu ― they moved to a village

      Идзе рано даєден автобус до Нового Саду?

      Idze rano dajeden avtobus do Novoho Sadu?

      Is there any bus going to Novi Sad in the morning?

   3. to (indicates the sphere of direction of action)

      идзе до брата ― idze do brata ― he went to his brother's place

      пошла до фризерки ― pošla do frizerki ― she went to the hairdresser's

   4. until, up to, to (denotes a spatial boundary)

      до варошу єст дзешец километри ― do varošu jest dzešec kilometri ― there is ten kilometres to the city

      вода му до паса ― voda mu do pasa ― the water is up to his waist

   5. against, over, on (indicates an object with which something collides or on which something rests or leans)

      вдериц з главу до мура ― vderic z hlavu do mura ― to bang the head against the wall

      шпотали ше до каменьох ― špotali še do kamenʹox ― they tripped over stones

      упрец ше до каменя ― uprec še do kamenja ― to lean against a rock

      диждж бил до облакох ― diždž bil do oblakox ― the rain was beating against the windows

   6. to, in (denotes belonging or inclusion in some group)

      заяц спада до глодарох ― zajac spada do hlodarox ― the rabbit belongs to the gnawers

2. expresses a temporal relationship
   1. until, up to (denotes a temporal boundary)

      робели зме до ноци ― robeli zme do noci ― we worked until dark

      до конца ― do konca ― until the end

   2. for (denotes the length of the duration of the action)

      робели до тижня ― robeli do tižnja ― they worked for a week

      до рока нїч нє знали о нїм ― do roka njič nje znali o njim ― they didn't know anything about him for a year

   3. per, every (denotes the number of repeated actions in a specified time)

      два раз до рока ходзи на контролу ― dva raz do roka xodzi na kontrolu ― twice per year he goes for checks

      три раз до тижня маю тренинґ ― tri raz do tižnja maju trening ― they have training three times a week

3. with, in, using, on (indicates medium, agent)

   Near-synonym: на (na)

   закруциц до новинох ― zakrucic do novinox ― to wrap in newspaper

   утар чоло до рукава ― utar čolo do rukava ― he wiped his forehead with his sleeve

4. for

   Synonym: за (za)

   1. indicates purpose

      то нам треба до обисца ― to nam treba do obisca ― we need this for the household

      купела паприґи до дунца ― kupela paprigi do dunca ― she bought peppers for winter preserves

   2. for (indicates ability, usefulness for something)

      способни до роботи ― sposobni do roboti ― fit for work

      хорйовити є, нєбарз є до поля ― xorjoviti je, njebarz je do polja ― he is sickly, he's not very suitable for working in the field

5. on, at (indicates object of an action; not necessarily translated)

   Near-synonym: на (na)

   потрафиц до облака ― potrafic do oblaka ― to hit the window

   залюбени є до науку ― zaljubeni je do nauku ― he is in love with science

Related terms

(adverbs):

• цо до (co do)

(prefixes):

• до- (do-)

References

• Medʹeši, H., Fejsa, M., Timko-Djitko, O. (2010) “до”, in Ramač, Ju., editor, Руско-сербски словнїк [Rusyn-Serbian Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy
• Fejsa, M., Šlemender, M., Čelʹovski, S. (2022) “into”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк [English-Rusyn Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 154
• Fejsa, M., Šlemender, M., Čelʹovski, S. (2022) “per”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк [English-Rusyn Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 208
• Fejsa, M., Šlemender, M., Čelʹovski, S. (2022) “to”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк [English-Rusyn Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 333

Russian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do, from Proto-Indo-European *de, whence English to.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [də]
• IPA^(key): [dɐ] (before a stressed syllable)
• IPA^(key): [ˈdo] (when stressed)

• Audio:

  (file)

Preposition

до • (do) [with genitive]

1. before
2. up to, till, until
3. with respect to, concerning, regarding

Derived terms

• до того́ как (do tovó kak)

Related terms

• до- (do-)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [do]

Noun

до • (do) n inan (indeclinable)

1. (musical note) C

   до́ дие́з ― dó dijéz/diéz ― C sharp

   до́ бемо́ль ― dó bemólʹ ― C flat

See also

• Previous: си (si)
• Next: ре (rɛ)

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do, from Proto-Indo-European *de, *do.

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

• IPA^(key): /dô/

Adverb

до̏ (Latin spelling dȍ)

1. only, except

   ни(т)ко до ја ― nobody but me, only me

   не једе ништа до комад хљеба/хлеба ― he eats nothing except a piece of bread

2. around, approximately

   до два метра ― around two meters

   до 5 кила ― around five kilograms

3. due to, because of

   то је до хране ― that's due to the food

Preposition

до̏ (Latin spelling dȍ) (+ genitive case)

1. up to, to, until, as far as, by

   од Загреба до Београда ― from Zagreb to Belgrade

   од јутра до мрака ― from morning to night

   од 5 до 10 сати ― from 5 to 10 o'clock

   од врха до дна ― from top to bottom

   до р(иј)еке ― as far as the river

   сад је пет до седам ― now it's five minutes to seven

   до понед(ј)ељка ― by Monday

   до сада ― so far, thus far, till now

   до недавна ― until recently

   до дана данашњега ― to this very day

   све до ― as far as up to, all the way to

   до куда ― how far

   до туда ― thus far, up to here

2. before (= при̏је/пре̏)

   до рата ― before the war

3. beside, next (to)

   с(ј)еди до мене ― sit next to me

   један до другога ― side by side

4. idiomatic and figurative meanings

   није ми до тога ― I don't feel like doing that

   није ми до см(иј)еха ― I don't feel like laughing

   њему је само до секса ― he is only interested in sex

   није ми пуно стало до тога ― I'm not very much interested in that

   није до мене ― it's not up to me, it's no me to lame

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *dolъ.

Alternative forms

• до̑л

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dôː/

Noun

до̑ m (Latin spelling dȏ)

1. dale, small valley

Declension

Declension of до

	singular	plural
nominative	до̑	до̀лови/до̑ли
genitive	до̏ла	долова/дола
dative	долу	доловима/долима
accusative	до	долове/доле
vocative	доле	долови/доли
locative	долу	доловима/долима
instrumental	долом	доловима/долима

Derived terms

• долѝна

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Italian do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dôː/

Noun

до̑ m (Latin spelling dȏ)

1. (music) do

References

• “до”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025
• “до”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025
• “до”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

Tsakhur

Noun

до (do) class 4

1. name

References

• Ibragimov, G. X., Nurmamedov, Ju. M. (2010) “до”, in Цахурско-русский словарь [Tsakhur–Russian Dictionary], Makhachkala: ДНЦ РАН, page 154a

Ukrainian

Etymology

From Old East Slavic [Term?], from Proto-Slavic *do, from Proto-Indo-European *de, *do.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [dɔ]

• Audio:

  (file)

Preposition

до • (do) (+ genitive case)

1. to, toward

   Я йду до школи. ― Ja jdu do školy. ― I go to school.

2. to (in the fixed expression 'Welcome to...!')

   Ласкаво просимо до Італії! ― Laskavo prosymo do Italiji! ― Welcome to Italy!

   Ласкаво просимо до Аргентини! ― Laskavo prosymo do Arhentyny! ― Welcome to Argentina!

3. until
4. by (not later than)

   до кінця́ столі́ття ― do kincjá stolíttja ― by the end of the century

5. (music) D (musical note)

Derived terms

• додому (dodomu) (homewards)
• до побачення (do pobačennja) (until next time)

See also

• musical notes: музичні ноти (muzyčni noty)edit

  • до (do)
  • ля (lja)
  • мі (mi)
  • ре (re)
  • сі (si)
  • соль (solʹ)
  • фа (fa)

Further reading

• Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “до”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka