τραχύς

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

• τρηχῠ́ς (trēkhús) — Epic, Ionic

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *tʰrākʰús (whence Mycenaean Greek 𐀲𐀨𐀐𐀹(𐀊) (ta-ra-ke-wi-(-ja-))), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰréh₂gʰ-us ~ *dʰr̥h₂gʰ-éws (“rough”), from *dʰreh₂gʰ- (“to irritate”). Compare θρᾱ́σσω (thrā́ssō).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /traː.kʰýs/ → /traˈçys/ → /traˈçis/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /traː.kʰýs/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /traˈkʰys/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /traˈçys/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /traˈçys/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /traˈçis/

Adjective

τρᾱχῠ́ς • (trākhús) m (feminine τρᾱχεῖᾰ, neuter τρᾱχῠ́); first/third declension

1. jagged
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.5
   • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, On Horsemanship 9.9
   • 371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, On the Senses 65
2. prickly
   • 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia 2.32e
3. rugged
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.5
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.14
   • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.23
   • 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 726
   • 480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Fragments 1083
   • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cynegeticus 4.10
   • 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Titus Flamininus 4
   • 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 328e
4. rough
   • 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, On Diseases 2.63
   • 129 CE – 216 CE, Galen, Collected Works 6.418
   • Diocl., Fr. 26
   • 50 CE – 150 CE, Soranus, Collected Works 2.16
5. shaggy
   • 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Cratylus 408d
   • 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 194e
   • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.10.1
6. (of the voice of boys) cracking
   • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 581a.18
   • 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Gaius Marius 14
7. harsh
   • 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 67c
   1. (of a person)
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.6.9
      • 64 BCE – 24 CE, Strabo, Geography 14.2.28
   2. (of sounds)
      • 110 BCE – 35 BCE, Philodemus, Po.Herc. 994.32
   3. (of battle and conflict)
      • 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, The Shield of Heracles 119
      • 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Isthmian Ode 4.17
      • 556 BCE – 468 BCE, Simonides, Fragmenta 89
      • Tyrt.,   12.22
   4. (of natural forces)
      • 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 1048
      • 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 84c
      • 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Alexander the Great 60
      • 300 BCE – 250 BCE, Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 1.1078
8. (of persons, their acts, feelings, or conditions) rough, harsh, savage
   • 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 4.96
   • 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 7.76
   • 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 8.10
   • 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 35
   • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1421
   • 467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 1049
   • 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 313
   • 431 BCE, Euripides, Medea 447
   • 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 63e
   • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 864c
   • 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Cratylus 406a
   • 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 452c
   • 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Collected Works 7.18
   • 638 BCE – 558 BCE, Solon, Collected Works 4.35

Inflection

First and third declension of τρᾱχῠ́ς; τρᾱχεῖᾰ; τρᾱχῠ́ (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		τρᾱχῠ́ς trākhús	τρᾱχεῖᾰ trākheîa	τρᾱχῠ́ trākhú		τρᾱχέε trākhée	τρᾱχείᾱ trākheíā	τρᾱχέε trākhée		τρᾱχεῖς trākheîs	τρᾱχεῖαι trākheîai	τρᾱχέᾰ trākhéa
Genitive		τρᾱχέος trākhéos	τρᾱχείᾱς trākheíās	τρᾱχέος trākhéos		τρᾱχέοιν trākhéoin	τρᾱχείαιν trākheíain	τρᾱχέοιν trākhéoin		τρᾱχέων trākhéōn	τρᾱχειῶν trākheiôn	τρᾱχέων trākhéōn
Dative		τρᾱχεῖ trākheî	τρᾱχείᾳ trākheíāi	τρᾱχεῖ trākheî		τρᾱχέοιν trākhéoin	τρᾱχείαιν trākheíain	τρᾱχέοιν trākhéoin		τρᾱχέσῐ / τρᾱχέσῐν trākhési(n)	τρᾱχείαις trākheíais	τρᾱχέσῐ / τρᾱχέσῐν trākhési(n)
Accusative		τρᾱχῠ́ν trākhún	τρᾱχεῖᾰν trākheîan	τρᾱχῠ́ trākhú		τρᾱχέε trākhée	τρᾱχείᾱ trākheíā	τρᾱχέε trākhée		τρᾱχεῖς trākheîs	τρᾱχείᾱς trākheíās	τρᾱχέᾰ trākhéa
Vocative		τρᾱχῠ́ trākhú	τρᾱχεῖᾰ trākheîa	τρᾱχῠ́ trākhú		τρᾱχέε trākhée	τρᾱχείᾱ trākheíā	τρᾱχέε trākhée		τρᾱχεῖς trākheîs	τρᾱχεῖαι trākheîai	τρᾱχέᾰ trākhéa
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		τρᾱχέως trākhéōs				τρᾱχῠ́τερος trākhúteros				τρᾱχῠ́τᾰτος trākhútatos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

• τρᾱχεόστρᾰκος (trākheóstrakos)
• τρᾱχέως (trākhéōs)
• τρᾱχόομαι (trākhóomai)
• τρᾱ́χουρος (trā́khouros)
• τρᾱχῠβᾰτέω (trākhubatéō)
• τρᾱχῠ́δερμος (trākhúdermos)
• τρᾱχῠδέρμων (trākhudérmōn)
• τρᾱχῠ́νω (trākhúnō)
• τρᾱχῠόδους (trākhuódous)
• τρᾱχῠόστρᾰκος (trākhuóstrakos)
• τρᾱχῠ́πους (trākhúpous)
• τρᾱχῠ́στομος (trākhústomos)
• τρᾱχῠ́της (trākhútēs)
• τρᾱχῠ́φλοιος (trākhúphloios)
• τρᾱχῠ́φωνος (trākhúphōnos)
• τρᾱχώδης (trākhṓdēs)
• τρᾱ́χωμᾰ (trā́khōma)
• τρᾱχών (trākhṓn)

 

Related terms

• τρᾱχῠντῐκός (trākhuntikós)
• τρᾱ́χῠσμᾰ (trā́khusma)
• τρᾱχῠσμός (trākhusmós)
• τρᾱχῠφωνέω (trākhuphōnéō)
• τρᾱχῠφωνῐ́ᾱ (trākhuphōníā)
• τρᾱχωμᾰτῐκός (trākhōmatikós)

 

Descendants

• Greek: τραχύς (trachýs)
• (from ellipsis of τρᾱχεῖᾰ ᾰ̓ρτηρῐ́ᾱ (trākheîa artēríā, “rough artery”)) → Late Latin: trāchīa
  • Medieval Latin: trāchēa
    • Middle English:
      • English: trachea

Further reading

• “τραχύς”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Greek

Etymology

From Ancient Greek τρᾱχύς (trākhús).

Adjective

τραχύς • (trachýs) m (feminine τραχιά or τραχεία, neuter τραχύ)

1. abrasive, of coarse manner, gruff, grating

Declension

Declension of τραχύς

number  case \ gender	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	τραχύς •	τραχιά •	τραχύ •	τραχιοί •	τραχιές •	τραχιά •
genitive	τραχιού • / τραχύ •	τραχιάς •	τραχιού • / τραχύ •	τραχιών •	τραχιών •	τραχιών •
accusative	τραχύ •	τραχιά •	τραχύ •	τραχιούς •	τραχιές •	τραχιά •
vocative	τραχύ •	τραχιά •	τραχύ •	τραχιοί •	τραχιές •	τραχιά •
derivations	Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο τραχύς, etc.) Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο τραχύς, etc.)

Degrees of comparison by suffixation

comparative	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	τραχύτερος •	τραχύτερη •	τραχύτερο •	τραχύτεροι •	τραχύτερες •	τραχύτερα •
genitive	τραχύτερου •	τραχύτερης •	τραχύτερου •	τραχύτερων •	τραχύτερων •	τραχύτερων •
accusative	τραχύτερο •	τραχύτερη •	τραχύτερο •	τραχύτερους •	τραχύτερες •	τραχύτερα •
vocative	τραχύτερε •	τραχύτερη •	τραχύτερο •	τραχύτεροι •	τραχύτερες •	τραχύτερα •
derivations	relative superlative: ο + comparative forms (eg "ο τραχύτερος", etc)
Absolute superlative	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	τραχύτατος •	τραχύτατη •	τραχύτατο •	τραχύτατοι •	τραχύτατες •	τραχύτατα •
genitive	τραχύτατου •	τραχύτατης •	τραχύτατου •	τραχύτατων •	τραχύτατων •	τραχύτατων •
accusative	τραχύτατο •	τραχύτατη •	τραχύτατο •	τραχύτατους •	τραχύτατες •	τραχύτατα •
vocative	τραχύτατε •	τραχύτατη •	τραχύτατο •	τραχύτατοι •	τραχύτατες •	τραχύτατα •