κρώζω

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Ultimately onomatopoeic, but related to words denoting sounds in other Indo-European languages, such as Latin crociō, Lithuanian kriõkti, Sanskrit क्रोशति (krośati) etc., as well as to κράζω (krázō) and κλώζω (klṓzō).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /krɔ̌ːz.dɔː/ → /ˈkro.zo/ → /ˈkro.zo/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /krɔ̌ːz.dɔː/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈkro.zo/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈkro.zo/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈkro.zo/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈkro.zo/

Verb

κρώζω • (krṓzō)

1. to caw, croak (of crows and other birds)
2. to croak, groan (of people and objects)

Conjugation

   Present: κρώζω

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	κρώζω	κρώζεις	κρώζει	κρώζετον	κρώζετον	κρώζομεν	κρώζετε	κρώζουσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	κρώζω	κρώζῃς	κρώζῃ	κρώζητον	κρώζητον	κρώζωμεν	κρώζητε	κρώζωσῐ(ν)
	optative	κρώζοιμῐ	κρώζοις	κρώζοι	κρώζοιτον	κρωζοίτην	κρώζοιμεν	κρώζοιτε	κρώζοιεν
	imperative		κρῶζε	κρωζέτω	κρώζετον	κρωζέτων		κρώζετε	κρωζόντων
		active
infinitive		κρώζειν
participle	m	κρώζων
	f	κρώζουσᾰ
	n	κρῶζον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Imperfect: ἔκρωζον

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἔκρωζον	ἔκρωζες	ἔκρωζε(ν)	ἐκρώζετον	ἐκρωζέτην	ἐκρώζομεν	ἐκρώζετε	ἔκρωζον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Future: κρώξω

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	κρώξω	κρώξεις	κρώξει	κρώξετον	κρώξετον	κρώξομεν	κρώξετε	κρώξουσῐ(ν)
	optative	κρώξοιμῐ	κρώξοις	κρώξοι	κρώξοιτον	κρωξοίτην	κρώξοιμεν	κρώξοιτε	κρώξοιεν
		active
infinitive		κρώξειν
participle	m	κρώξων
	f	κρώξουσᾰ
	n	κρῶξον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Aorist: ἔκρωξᾰ

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἔκρωξᾰ	ἔκρωξᾰς	ἔκρωξε(ν)	ἐκρώξᾰτον	ἐκρωξᾰ́την	ἐκρώξᾰμεν	ἐκρώξᾰτε	ἔκρωξᾰν
	subjunctive	κρώξω	κρώξῃς	κρώξῃ	κρώξητον	κρώξητον	κρώξωμεν	κρώξητε	κρώξωσῐ(ν)
	optative	κρώξαιμῐ	κρώξειᾰς, κρώξαις	κρώξειε(ν), κρώξαι	κρώξαιτον	κρωξαίτην	κρώξαιμεν	κρώξαιτε	κρώξειᾰν, κρώξαιεν
	imperative		κρῶξον	κρωξᾰ́τω	κρώξᾰτον	κρωξᾰ́των		κρώξᾰτε	κρωξᾰ́ντων
		active
infinitive		κρῶξαι
participle	m	κρώξᾱς
	f	κρώξᾱσᾰ
	n	κρῶξᾰν
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Further reading

• κρώζω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• “κρώζω”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011
• “κρώζω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • caw idem, page 120.
  • croak idem, page 185.

Greek

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek κρώζω (krṓzō).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɾo.zo/
• Hyphenation: κρώ‧ζω

Verb

κρώζω • (krózo) (past έκρωξα, passive —) (intransitive)

1. (of birds) to caw, to croak, to crow (to make a harsh or shrill cry)
2. (by extension, of a person) to squawk (to yell, scream, or call out shrilly)

Conjugation

κρώζω   (active forms only)

	Active voice ➤
Indicative mood ➤	Imperfective aspect ➤	Perfective aspect ➤
Non-past tenses ➤	Present ➤	Dependent ➤
1 sg	κρώζω	κρώξω
2 sg	κρώζεις	κρώξεις
3 sg	κρώζει	κρώξει
1 pl	κρώζουμε, [‑ομε]	κρώξουμε, [‑ομε]
2 pl	κρώζετε	κρώξετε
3 pl	κρώζουν(ε)	κρώξουν(ε)
Past tenses ➤	Imperfect ➤	Simple past ➤
1 sg	έκρωζα	έκρωξα
2 sg	έκρωζες	έκρωξες
3 sg	έκρωζε	έκρωξε
1 pl	κρώζαμε	κρώξαμε
2 pl	κρώζατε	κρώξατε
3 pl	έκρωζαν, κρώζαν(ε)	έκρωξαν, κρώξαν(ε)
Future tenses ➤	Continuous ➤	Simple ➤
1 sg	θα κρώζω ➤	θα κρώξω ➤
2,3 sg, 1,2,3 pl	θα κρώζεις, …	θα κρώξεις, …
	Perfect aspect ➤
Present perfect ➤	έχω, έχεις, … κρώξει
Past perfect ➤	είχα, είχες, … κρώξει
Future perfect ➤	θα έχω, θα έχεις, … κρώξει
Subjunctive mood ➤	Formed using present, dependent (for simple past) or present perfect from above with a particle (να, ας).
Imperative mood ➤	Imperfective aspect	Perfective aspect
2 sg	κρώζε	κρώξε
2 pl	κρώζετε	κρώξτε, κρώχτε1
Other forms
Active present participle ➤	κρώζοντας ➤
Active perfect participle ➤	έχοντας κρώξει ➤
Passive perfect participle ➤	—
Nonfinite form ➤	κρώξει
Notes     Appendix:Greek verbs	1. Colloquial.  • (…) optional or informal.   […] rare.   {…} learned, archaic.  • Multiple forms are shown in order of reducing frequency.  • Periphrastic imperative forms may be produced using the subjunctive.

Synonyms

• κράζω (krázo)