δύσθυμος

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From δυσ- (dus-, “bad”) +‎ θῡμός (thūmós, “soul”) +‎ -ος (-os).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /dýs.tʰyː.mos/ → /ˈðys.θy.mos/ → /ˈðis.θi.mos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /dýs.tʰyː.mos/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈdys.tʰy.mos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈðys.θy.mos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈðys.θy.mos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈðis.θi.mos/

Adjective

δῠ́σθῡμος • (dŭ́sthūmos) m or f (neuter δῠ́σθῡμον); second declension

1. desponding, melancholy, depressed
2. repentant
   • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 218
   • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 550
   • 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Pericles 25
   • 200 BCE – 118 BCE, Polybius, Histories 1.87.1
   • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 85B

Inflection

Second declension of δῠ́σθῡμος; δῠ́σθῡμον (Attic)

Number		Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine / Feminine	Neuter		Masculine / Feminine	Neuter		Masculine / Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		δῠ́σθῡμος dŭ́sthūmos	δῠ́σθῡμον dŭ́sthūmon		δῠσθῡ́μω dŭsthū́mō	δῠσθῡ́μω dŭsthū́mō		δῠ́σθῡμοι dŭ́sthūmoi	δῠ́σθῡμᾰ dŭ́sthūmă
Genitive		δῠσθῡ́μου dŭsthū́mou	δῠσθῡ́μου dŭsthū́mou		δῠσθῡ́μοιν dŭsthū́moin	δῠσθῡ́μοιν dŭsthū́moin		δῠσθῡ́μων dŭsthū́mōn	δῠσθῡ́μων dŭsthū́mōn
Dative		δῠσθῡ́μῳ dŭsthū́mōi	δῠσθῡ́μῳ dŭsthū́mōi		δῠσθῡ́μοιν dŭsthū́moin	δῠσθῡ́μοιν dŭsthū́moin		δῠσθῡ́μοις dŭsthū́mois	δῠσθῡ́μοις dŭsthū́mois
Accusative		δῠ́σθῡμον dŭ́sthūmon	δῠ́σθῡμον dŭ́sthūmon		δῠσθῡ́μω dŭsthū́mō	δῠσθῡ́μω dŭsthū́mō		δῠσθῡ́μους dŭsthū́mous	δῠ́σθῡμᾰ dŭ́sthūmă
Vocative		δῠ́σθῡμε dŭ́sthūme	δῠ́σθῡμον dŭ́sthūmon		δῠσθῡ́μω dŭsthū́mō	δῠσθῡ́μω dŭsthū́mō		δῠ́σθῡμοι dŭ́sthūmoi	δῠ́σθῡμᾰ dŭ́sthūmă
Derived forms		Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
		δῠσθῡ́μως dŭsthū́mōs			δῠσθῡμότερος dŭsthūmóteros			δῠσθῡμότᾰτος dŭsthūmótătos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

• δῠσθῡμῐ́ᾱ (dŭsthūmĭ́ā)

References

• “δύσθυμος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “δύσθυμος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• δύσθυμος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• δύσθυμος in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2025)
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • dejected idem, page 206.
  • depressed idem, page 213.
  • despairing idem, page 216.
  • despondent idem, page 217.
  • discouraged idem, page 230.
  • disheartened idem, page 234.
  • dismal idem, page 235.
  • gloomy idem, page 362.
  • heavy idem, page 393.
  • hopeless idem, page 405.
  • joyless idem, page 465.
  • low idem, page 502.
  • low-spirited idem, page 503.
  • melancholy idem, page 524.
  • miserable idem, page 533.
  • mournful idem, page 544.
  • sad idem, page 730.
  • sorrowful idem, page 795.
  • spiritless idem, page 802.
  • woebegone idem, page 986.

Greek

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek δύσθυμος (dústhumos).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈði.sθi.mos/
• Hyphenation: δύ‧σθυ‧μος

Adjective

δύσθυμος • (dýsthymos) m (feminine δύσθυμη, neuter δύσθυμο)

1. gloomy, morose

   Synonyms: άκεφος (ákefos), κακόκεφος (kakókefos)

   Antonyms: εύθυμος (éfthymos), ευδιάθετος (evdiáthetos)

Declension

Declension of δύσθυμος

	singular				plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	δύσθυμος (dýsthymos)	δύσθυμη (dýsthymi)	δύσθυμο (dýsthymo)		δύσθυμοι (dýsthymoi)	δύσθυμες (dýsthymes)	δύσθυμα (dýsthyma)
genitive	δύσθυμου (dýsthymou)	δύσθυμης (dýsthymis)	δύσθυμου (dýsthymou)		δύσθυμων (dýsthymon)	δύσθυμων (dýsthymon)	δύσθυμων (dýsthymon)
accusative	δύσθυμο (dýsthymo)	δύσθυμη (dýsthymi)	δύσθυμο (dýsthymo)		δύσθυμους (dýsthymous)	δύσθυμες (dýsthymes)	δύσθυμα (dýsthyma)
vocative	δύσθυμε (dýsthyme)	δύσθυμη (dýsthymi)	δύσθυμο (dýsthymo)		δύσθυμοι (dýsthymoi)	δύσθυμες (dýsthymes)	δύσθυμα (dýsthyma)

Derivations:
Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο δύσθυμος, etc.)
Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο δύσθυμος, etc.)

Related terms

• δυσθυμία f (dysthymía)