čakls

Latvian

Alternative forms

• (dialectal form) čekls

Etymology

Derived from an obsolete verb tekt (“to rush, to run, to flow”), from Proto-Indo-European *tekʷ- (“to run, to flow”), whence also tecēt (“to flow”); the meaning changed from “moving quickly” to “working hard.” The e → a change parallels tecēt, taka (“path”). The t → č change (palatalization) is not regular in Latvian, which suggests either an expressive or affective feature (compare aiča, meiča, from aita (“sheep”), meita (“girl, daughter”)), or the former existence of parallel forms with a and e: *tekls + *takls → *tʲakls; compare dialectal čekls ([tʃækls]). Note that the same stem also palatalized in Tocharian cake (“river”), Avestan 𐬙𐬀𐬐 (tak, “stream, torrent”); since both the ancient Balts and the Tocharians were in direct contact with Northern Iranian tribes, this palatalization may be the result of Iranian influence. Cognates include Sanskrit तकुः (tákuḥ, “hurried, quick, mobile”), तक्वः (takváḥ, “fast, quick”) (compare तक्ति (takti, “to hurry”), Ossetian тӕх (tæx, “quick stream, torrent; quick, fast, turbulent; dedicated”), Ancient Greek ταχύς (takhús, “swift, quick, agile”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [tʃakls]

Adjective

čakls (definite čaklais, comparative čaklāks, superlative visčaklākais, adverb čakli)

1. industrious, hard-working, diligent (who works well, who works a lot)

   čakls darbinieks ― industrious employee

   čakls skolnieks ― hard-working student

   čaklākā stradniece ― the most industrious (female) worker

   čakls kolektīvs ― hard-working team

   čakls kā skudra, kā bite ― industrious as an ant, a bee (i.e., very industrious)

Declension

Indefinite declension nenoteiktā galotne) of čakls

	masculine (vīriešu dzimte)			feminine (sieviešu dzimte)
	singular	plural		singular	plural
nominative	čakls	čakli		čakla	čaklas
genitive	čakla	čaklu		čaklas	čaklu
dative	čaklam	čakliem		čaklai	čaklām
accusative	čaklu	čaklus		čaklu	čaklas
instrumental	čaklu	čakliem		čaklu	čaklām
locative	čaklā	čaklos		čaklā	čaklās
vocative	—	—		—	—

Definite declension (noteiktā galotne) of čakls

	masculine (vīriešu dzimte)			feminine (sieviešu dzimte)
	singular	plural		singular	plural
nominative	čaklais	čaklie		čaklā	čaklās
genitive	čaklā	čaklo		čaklās	čaklo
dative	čaklajam	čaklajiem		čaklajai	čaklajām
accusative	čaklo	čaklos		čaklo	čaklās
instrumental	čaklo	čaklajiem		čaklo	čaklajām
locative	čaklajā	čaklajos		čaklajā	čaklajās
vocative	čaklo, čaklais	čaklie		čaklo, čaklā	čaklās

Synonyms

• aktīvs
• centīgs
• cītīgs, uzcītīgs
• darbīgs
• izdarīgs
• nasks
• strādīgs

Derived terms

• čaklība
• čaklums