paradigma

See also: Paradigma

English

Etymology

From Late Latin paradīgma, from Ancient Greek παράδειγμα (parádeigma, “pattern”). As a loanword in both languages, paradigma typically maintains the Greek plural form in both Latin and English.

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /pæɹəˈdɪɡma/

Noun

paradigma (plural paradigmata)

1. Archaic form of paradigm.
   • 1844, John Holmes Agnew, Walter Hilliard Bidwell, The Eclectic Magazine, page 569:

     The volume before us presents, first of all, a paradigma, or specimen sheet, on which each letter of the English alphabet, small and capital, written and printed, is accompanied by its pronunciation in Chinese phonetic signs, as well as in Mandchou letters.

   • 1985, Krijnie Ciggaar, Jos. M.M. Hermans, Byzantium and the Low Countries in the Tenth Century: Aspects of Art and History in the Ottonian Era, →ISBN, page 92:

     […] and it precedes, moreover, together with VII and VIII ὸ ἱερεύς και ἡ ἱέρεια the paradigma τό σκαμνίον. / Further there is nothing to be wondered at, neither as to the paradigma of το σκαμνισν nor as to the priestess: these examples are taken from the famous Ars Grammatica of Donatus, and in particular the Ars minor.

   • 2004, Analecta Romana Instituti Danici, page 247:

     No paradigma prescribed a recto tono recitative.

Catalan

Etymology

Borrowed from Late Latin paradīgma, from Ancient Greek παράδειγμα (parádeigma).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [pə.ɾəˈðiɡ.mə]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [pa.ɾaˈðiɡ.ma]

Noun

paradigma m (plural paradigmes)

1. paradigm

Derived terms

• paradigmàtic

Further reading

• “paradigma” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “paradigma”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
• “paradigma” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “paradigma” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Czech

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

paradigma n

1. paradigm (system of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices)

Declension

Declension of paradigma (ma-stem neuter reducible)

	singular	plural
nominative	paradigma	paradigmata
genitive	paradigmatu	paradigmat
dative	paradigmatu	paradigmatům
accusative	paradigma	paradigmata
vocative	paradigma	paradigmata
locative	paradigmatu	paradigmatech
instrumental	paradigmatem	paradigmaty

Derived terms

• posun paradigmatu n

Dutch

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin paradīgma, from Ancient Greek παράδειγμα (parádeigma).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˌpaː.raːˈdɪx.maː/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: pa‧ra‧dig‧ma
• Rhymes: -ɪxmaː

Noun

paradigma n (plural paradigmata or paradigma's)

1. (grammar) paradigm (canonical or exhaustive set of inflected forms; set of forms with a common element)
2. (chiefly philosophy and history of sciences) paradigm (framework of concept, practices and theories; exemplar of academic behaviour)
3. exemplar, model, blueprint

Derived terms

• paradigmatisch
• paradigmaverschuiving

Finnish

Etymology

From Ancient Greek παράδειγμα (parádeigma).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpɑrɑˌdiɡmɑ/, [ˈpɑ̝rɑ̝ˌdiɡmɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -iɡmɑ
• Hyphenation^(key): para‧digma

Noun

paradigma

1. paradigm (model or example)

Declension

Inflection of paradigma (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative		paradigma	paradigmat
genitive		paradigman	paradigmojen
partitive		paradigmaa	paradigmoja
illative		paradigmaan	paradigmoihin
		singular	plural
nominative		paradigma	paradigmat
accusative	nom.	paradigma	paradigmat
	gen.	paradigman
genitive		paradigman	paradigmojen paradigmain rare
partitive		paradigmaa	paradigmoja
inessive		paradigmassa	paradigmoissa
elative		paradigmasta	paradigmoista
illative		paradigmaan	paradigmoihin
adessive		paradigmalla	paradigmoilla
ablative		paradigmalta	paradigmoilta
allative		paradigmalle	paradigmoille
essive		paradigmana	paradigmoina
translative		paradigmaksi	paradigmoiksi
abessive		paradigmatta	paradigmoitta
instructive		—	paradigmoin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of paradigma (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative paradigmani paradigmani accusative nom. paradigmani paradigmani gen. paradigmani genitive paradigmani paradigmojeni paradigmaini rare partitive paradigmaani paradigmojani inessive paradigmassani paradigmoissani elative paradigmastani paradigmoistani illative paradigmaani paradigmoihini adessive paradigmallani paradigmoillani ablative paradigmaltani paradigmoiltani allative paradigmalleni paradigmoilleni essive paradigmanani paradigmoinani translative paradigmakseni paradigmoikseni abessive paradigmattani paradigmoittani instructive — — comitative — paradigmoineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative paradigmasi paradigmasi accusative nom. paradigmasi paradigmasi gen. paradigmasi genitive paradigmasi paradigmojesi paradigmaisi rare partitive paradigmaasi paradigmojasi inessive paradigmassasi paradigmoissasi elative paradigmastasi paradigmoistasi illative paradigmaasi paradigmoihisi adessive paradigmallasi paradigmoillasi ablative paradigmaltasi paradigmoiltasi allative paradigmallesi paradigmoillesi essive paradigmanasi paradigmoinasi translative paradigmaksesi paradigmoiksesi abessive paradigmattasi paradigmoittasi instructive — — comitative — paradigmoinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative paradigmamme paradigmamme accusative nom. paradigmamme paradigmamme gen. paradigmamme genitive paradigmamme paradigmojemme paradigmaimme rare partitive paradigmaamme paradigmojamme inessive paradigmassamme paradigmoissamme elative paradigmastamme paradigmoistamme illative paradigmaamme paradigmoihimme adessive paradigmallamme paradigmoillamme ablative paradigmaltamme paradigmoiltamme allative paradigmallemme paradigmoillemme essive paradigmanamme paradigmoinamme translative paradigmaksemme paradigmoiksemme abessive paradigmattamme paradigmoittamme instructive — — comitative — paradigmoinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative paradigmanne paradigmanne accusative nom. paradigmanne paradigmanne gen. paradigmanne genitive paradigmanne paradigmojenne paradigmainne rare partitive paradigmaanne paradigmojanne inessive paradigmassanne paradigmoissanne elative paradigmastanne paradigmoistanne illative paradigmaanne paradigmoihinne adessive paradigmallanne paradigmoillanne ablative paradigmaltanne paradigmoiltanne allative paradigmallenne paradigmoillenne essive paradigmananne paradigmoinanne translative paradigmaksenne paradigmoiksenne abessive paradigmattanne paradigmoittanne instructive — — comitative — paradigmoinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative paradigmansa paradigmansa accusative nom. paradigmansa paradigmansa gen. paradigmansa genitive paradigmansa paradigmojensa paradigmainsa rare partitive paradigmaansa paradigmojaan paradigmojansa inessive paradigmassaan paradigmassansa paradigmoissaan paradigmoissansa elative paradigmastaan paradigmastansa paradigmoistaan paradigmoistansa illative paradigmaansa paradigmoihinsa adessive paradigmallaan paradigmallansa paradigmoillaan paradigmoillansa ablative paradigmaltaan paradigmaltansa paradigmoiltaan paradigmoiltansa allative paradigmalleen paradigmallensa paradigmoilleen paradigmoillensa essive paradigmanaan paradigmanansa paradigmoinaan paradigmoinansa translative paradigmakseen paradigmaksensa paradigmoikseen paradigmoiksensa abessive paradigmattaan paradigmattansa paradigmoittaan paradigmoittansa instructive — — comitative — paradigmoineen paradigmoinensa

Further reading

• “paradigma”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

Italian

Etymology

From Late Latin paradīgma, from Ancient Greek παράδειγμα (parádeigma).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pa.raˈdiɡ.ma/
• Rhymes: -iɡma
• Hyphenation: pa‧ra‧dìg‧ma

Noun

paradigma m (plural paradigmi)

1. paradigm

Related terms

• paradigmatico

Further reading

• paradigma in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Latin

Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek παράδειγμα (parádeigma).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /pa.raˈdiːɡ.ma/, [päräˈd̪iːɡmä]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /pa.raˈdiɡ.ma/, [päräˈd̪iɡmä]

Noun

paradīgma n (genitive paradīgmatis); third declension

1. pattern, example, paradigm

Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

	singular	plural
nominative	paradīgma	paradīgmata
genitive	paradīgmatis	paradīgmatum
dative	paradīgmatī	paradīgmatibus
accusative	paradīgma	paradīgmata
ablative	paradīgmate	paradīgmatibus
vocative	paradīgma	paradīgmata

Descendants

(via Late Latin)

• → Catalan: paradigma
• → English: paradigm
• → French: paradigme m
• → Italian: paradigma
• → Old Ruthenian: пара́дигма n inan (parádihma), пара́диґма (parádigma)
  • Belarusian: парады́гма (paradýhma)
  • Ukrainian: паради́гма (paradýhma)
• → Portuguese: paradigma
• → Romanian: paradigmă
• → Russian: паради́гма f inan (paradígma)
  • → Kazakh:

    Cyrillic script: парадигма (paradigma)

    Latin script: paradigma

    Arabic script: پاراديگما

• → Spanish: paradigma

References

• “paradigma”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• paradigma in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• “paradigm”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 2000, →ISBN.

Norwegian Bokmål

Alternative forms

• paradigmene

Noun

paradigma n

1. definite plural of paradigme

Norwegian Nynorsk

Noun

paradigma n

1. definite plural of paradigme

Portuguese

Etymology

From Late Latin paradīgma (“paradigm”), from Ancient Greek παράδειγμα (parádeigma, “pattern”).

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /pa.ɾaˈd͡ʒi.ɡi.mɐ/, /pa.ɾaˈd͡ʒiɡ.mɐ/

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /pa.ɾaˈd͡ʒi.ɡi.mɐ/, /pa.ɾaˈd͡ʒiɡ.mɐ/
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /pa.ɾaˈd͡ʒiɡ.ma/, /pa.ɾaˈd͡ʒi.ɡi.ma/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /pɐ.ɾɐˈdi.ɡmɐ/ [pɐ.ɾɐˈði.ɣmɐ]

Noun

paradigma m (plural paradigmas)

1. paradigm (model or example)

   Synonyms: modelo, padrão

2. (linguistics) paradigm (set of all forms which contain a common element)
3. (computing) a fundamental style of programming

Hyponyms

• (fundamental style of programming): declarativo, estruturado, funcional, imperativo, orientação a objetos

Related terms

• paradigmal
• paradigmático

Further reading

• “paradigma”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025

Serbo-Croatian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /paradǐɡma/
• Hyphenation: pa‧ra‧dig‧ma

Noun

paradìgma f (Cyrillic spelling парадѝгма)

1. paradigm (system of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices)

Declension

Declension of paradigma

	singular	plural
nominative	paradìgma	paradigme
genitive	paradigme	paradìgāmā / paradìgmī
dative	paradigmi	paradigmama
accusative	paradigmu	paradigme
vocative	paradigmo	paradigme
locative	paradigmi	paradigmama
instrumental	paradigmom	paradigmama

Derived terms

• paradìgmatskī

Spanish

Etymology

Borrowed from Late Latin paradīgma, from Ancient Greek παράδειγμα (parádeigma).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /paɾaˈdiɡma/ [pa.ɾaˈð̞iɣ̞.ma]
• Rhymes: -iɡma
• Syllabification: pa‧ra‧dig‧ma

Noun

paradigma m (plural paradigmas)

1. paradigm

Derived terms

• paradigmático

Further reading

• “paradigma”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10