orcaid

Old Irish

Alternative forms

orgaid, orggaid

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *orgeti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erg- (“perish”). Cognate with Hittite 𒄯𒀝𒍣 (ḫar-ak-zi /⁠ḫarkzi⁠/) and Old Armenian հարկնանեմ (harknanem, “strike”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈorɡɨðʲ]

Verb

orcaid (conjunct ·oirc or ·oirg, verbal noun orcun)

kills, slays
Synonym: marbaid
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 77^a10
  In n-íírr?
  Will you slay?
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 77^a15
  Is dúnn imchumurc fil isin chanóin fris·gair lessóm a n‑imchomarc n-ísiu .i. ne occideris .i. in ⸉n‑í⸊írr-siu .i. non. .i. nís·n‑ulemairbfe ci asid·roilliset.
  It is to the interrogation that is in the Scripture text that this interrogation answers with him, i.e. ne occideris i.e. will you sg slay i.e. non i.e. you will not slay them all although they have deserved it.
- c. 850-875, Turin Glosses and Scholia on St Mark, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 484–94, Tur. 110c
  Ba bés leusom do·bertis dá boc leu dochum tempuil, ⁊ no·léicthe indala n‑ái fon díthrub co pecad in popuil, ⁊ do·bertis maldachta foir, ⁊ n⟨o⟩·oircthe didiu and ó popul tar cenn a pecthae ind aile.
  It was a custom with them that two he-goats were brought by them to the temple, and one of the two of them was let go to the wilderness with the sin of the people, and curses were put upon him, and thereupon the other was slain there by the people for their sins.

Inflection

This verb augments to form perfect forms with the usual prefix ro-. However, virtually all its compounds use com- instead for this purpose.

Simple, class B I present, t preterite, s future, s subjunctive
		1st sg	2nd sg	3rd sg	1st pl	3rd pl	passive sg
present indicative	abs.			orcaid, orggaid		orgait
	conj.			·oirc; ·oirg		·orcat	·orgar
	rel.			orcas		oircte

imperfect indicative							·oircthe

preterite	abs.			oirt			ortae
	conj.			·ort
	rel.			orta

perfect	deut.			ro·ort
perfect	prot.			·rort

future	abs.			íurthund (with suffixed pronoun -unn)		iurait
	conj.	·iurr	·íírr	·ior		·iurat
	rel.			íuras

conditional					·íurmais

present subjunctive	abs.
	conj.		·oir	·orr		·orat
	rel.

past subjunctive

imperative

verbal noun		orcun
past participle		ortae
verbal of necessity

Derived terms

Descendants

Middle Irish: oirgid, airgid
- Irish: arg

Mutation

Mutation of *orcaid*
radical	lenition	nasalization
orcaid (pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments)	unchanged	n-orcaid

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 300