kehdata
Finnish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *këhtat'ak.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]kehdata
- (auxiliary + first infinitive) to be able to bring oneself to do something, dare, venture, have the nerve (confidence, courage)
- (auxiliary + first infinitive) to not be ashamed, be proud, not be embarrassed
- (auxiliary + first infinitive) to have the impudence or nerve, dare, be able
- (Eastern Finnish, auxiliary + first infinitive) to feel like doing something, to have the desire or energy to
Usage notes
[edit]The distinction between "to dare, have the courage or impudence to do" and "to feel like doing something" is historically a rigid difference between Western and Eastern Finnish:
Western Finnish | Eastern Finnish | |
---|---|---|
"to dare, have the courage/nerve to" | kehdata | hennoa, (rare) viitsiä |
"to feel like doing" | viitsiä | kehdata |
Standard Finnish largely follows Western Finnish, but hennoa is also accepted in standard Finnish with the same meaning as it has in Eastern Finnish. Other synonyms like iljetä and rohjeta are attested in both groups and are also standard.
Dialectal meanings for kehdata (map) | ||
---|---|---|
Standard Finnish | to dare, have the courage/impudence to | |
Southern Southwest Finland
(Eteläinen Varsinais-Suomi) |
Halikko, Kaarina, Karuna, Kiikala, Muurla, Perniö, Pertteli, Sauvo, Uskela | to dare, have the courage/impudence to |
Northern Southwest Finland
(Pohjoinen Varsinais-Suomi) |
Eurajoki, Hinnerjoki, Kalanti, Karjala, Laitila, Merimasku, Mietoinen, Mynämäki, Naantali, Nousiainen, Pyhämaa, Pyhäranta, Rauma, Rymättylä, Taivassalo | to dare, have the courage/impudence to |
Southwest Finnish Highlands
(Varsinais-Suomen ylämaa) |
Aura, Lieto, Marttila, Pöytyä, Somero | to dare, have the courage/impudence to |
Western Uusimaa
(Länsi-Uusimaa) |
Lohja, Nummi, Sammatti, Vihti | to dare, have the courage/impudence to |
Southern Satakunta
(Etelä-Satakunta) |
Alastaro, Huittinen, Kauvatsa, Keikyä, Loimaa, Metsämaa, Punkalaidun, Vampula | to dare, have the courage/impudence to |
Western Satakunta
(Länsi-Satakunta) |
Merikarvia, Nakkila, Pomarkku, Pori, Ulvila | to dare, have the courage/impudence to |
Northern Satakunta
(Pohjois-Satakunta) |
Hämeenkyrö, Ikaalinen, Kankaanpää, Karkku, Karvia, Kiikoinen, Mouhijärvi, Suoniemi, Viljakkala | to dare, have the courage/impudence to |
Northern Tavastia
(Pohjois-Häme) |
Eräjärvi, Hattula, Hauho, Kalvola, Kangasala, Koijärvi, Kuhmalahti, Kuorevesi, Kylmäkoski, Lempäälä, Luopioinen, Längelmäki, Orivesi, Pälkäne, Ruovesi, Sahalahti, Sääksmäki, Tottijärvi, Tuulos, Urjala, Vanaja, Vesilahti, Virrat, Ylöjärvi | to dare, have the courage/impudence to |
Southern Tavastia
(Etelä-Häme) |
Forssa, Hausjärvi, Hyvinkää, Loppi, Nurmijärvi, Tammela | to dare, have the courage/impudence to |
Southeastern Tavastia
(Kaakkois-Häme) |
Asikkala, Askola, Heinola, Hollola, Hämeenkoski, Lammi, Myrskylä, Nastola, Orimattila, Padasjoki, Pornainen, Porvoo | to dare, have the courage/impudence to |
Kymenlaakso [Tavastian dialects] |
Anjala, Artjärvi, Iitti, Jaala, Kymi, Lapinjärvi, Sippola, Valkeala, Vehkalahti | to dare, have the courage/impudence to |
Southern Ostrobothnia
(Etelä-Pohjanmaa) |
Alavus, Jalasjärvi, Kauhajoki, Kuortane, Kurikka, Lapua, Nurmo, Peräseinäjoki, Seinäjoki, Teuva, Ylistaro | to feel like doing |
Isojoki, Isokyrö, Karijoki, Laihia, Nurmo | to dare, have the courage/impudence to | |
Central Ostrobothnia
(Keski-Pohjanmaa) |
Alavieska, Haapavesi, Halsua, Himanka, Kalajoki, Kaustinen, Kälviä, Lohtaja, Nivala, Oulainen, Perho, Toholampi, Veteli, Ylivieska | to dare, have the courage/impudence to |
Piippola, Pyhäntä | to feel like doing | |
Northern Ostrobothnia
(Pohjois-Pohjanmaa) |
Hailuoto, Ii, Kempele, Oulu, Pattijoki, Raahe, Vihanti | to dare, have the courage/impudence to |
Kempele, Muhos, Pattijoki, Pudasjärvi, Ranua, Utajärvi | to feel like doing | |
Lapland
(Peräpohjola) |
Kemijärvi, Kittilä, Lyngen (Jyykeä/Yykeä), Nordreisa (Raisi), Pelkosenniemi, Salla | to feel like doing |
Kemi, Rovaniemi, Simo, Sodankylä | to dare, have the courage/impudence to | |
Westrobothnia
(Länsi-Pohja) |
Karunki, Kolari, Muonio, Pajala, Pello, Tärendö (Täräntö), Vittangi (Vittanki), Ylitornio | to feel like doing |
Kainuu [Savonian dialects] |
Hyrynsalmi, Kajaani, Kuhmo, Kuusamo, Paltamo, Puolanka, Ristijärvi, Sotkamo, Suomussalmi, Taivalkoski, Vaala, Vuolijoki | to feel like doing |
Northern Central Finland
(Pohjoinen Keski-Suomi) |
Kannonkoski, Karstula, Konginkangas, Pihtipudas, Sumiainen, Viitasaari, Äänekoski | to feel like doing |
Konginkangas | to dare, have the courage/impudence to | |
Western Central Finland
(Läntinen Keski-Suomi) |
Keuruu, Lappajärvi, Pihlajavesi, Ähtäri | to dare, have the courage/impudence to |
Alajärvi, Vimpeli | to feel like doing | |
Southern Central Finland
(Eteläinen Keski-Suomi) |
Hartola, Jämsä, Korpilahti, Pertunmaa, Sysmä | to dare, have the courage/impudence to |
Joutsa, Toivakka | to feel like doing | |
Northern Savonia
(Pohjois-Savo) |
Haukivuori, Heinävesi, Iisalmi, Joroinen, Jäppilä, Kaavi, Kangaslampi, Karttula, Kiuruvesi, Kuopio, Lapinlahti, Leppävirta, Maaninka, Muuruvesi, Nilsiä, Pieksämäki, Pielavesi, Pyhäjärvi (Ol), Rantasalmi, Rautalampi, Riistavesi, Siilinjärvi, Sonkajärvi, Tervo, Varpaisjärvi, Vehmersalmi, Vesanto, Vieremä, Virtasalmi | to feel like doing |
Southern Savonia
(Etelä-Savo) |
Anttola, Hirvensalmi, Juva, Kangasniemi, Kerimäki, Puumala, Ristiina, Savonranta, Sulkava, Sääminki | to feel like doing |
Juva, Mäntyharju | to dare, have the courage/impudence to | |
Northern Karelia
(Pohjois-Karjala) |
Eno, Ilomantsi, Juuka, Kesälahti, Kiihtelysvaara, Kitee, Kontiolahti, Korabselki (Korpiselkä), Liperi, Nurmes, Outokumpu/Kuusjärvi, Pielisjärvi, Polvijärvi, Pyhäselkä, Pälkjärvi, Rautavaara, Ruskeala, Rääkkylä, Tohmajärvi, Tuupovaara, Valtimo | to feel like doing |
Central Karelia
(Keski-Karjala) |
Gromovo (Sakkola), Impilakhtinskoye (Impilahti), Khiytola (Hiitola), Kurkijoki, Lumivaara, Melnikovskoye (Räisälä), Otradnoye (Pyhäjärvi (Vpl)), Parikkala, Saari, Sevastyanovskoye (Kaukola), Simpele, Sortavala, Sosnovo (Rautu), Uukuniemi, Yakkima (Jaakkima) | to feel like doing |
Southern Karelia
(Etelä-Karjala) |
Bolshoy Tyuters (Tytärsaari), Joutseno, Kamennogorsk (Antrea), Kondratyevo (Säkkijärvi), Lappee, Lemi, Lesogorsky (Jääski), Luumäki, Michurinskoye (Valkjärvi), Miehikkälä, Moshchny (Lavansaari), Ozyorskoye (Vuoksenranta), Pervomayskoye (Kivennapa), Pionerskoye (Kuolemajärvi), Pobeda (Kanneljärvi), Polyany (Uusikirkko (Vpl)), Pravdino (Muolaa), Primorsk (Koivisto), Rautjärvi, Ruokolahti, Savitaipale, Seskar (Seiskari), Sovetsky (Johannes), Suomenniemi, Svobodnoye (Kirvu), Taipalsaari, Veshchevo (Heinjoki), Virolahti, Vuoksela, Vyborg (Viipuri), Yashino (Vahviala), Ylämaa, Äyräpää | to feel like doing |
Ingria
(Inkeri) |
Beloostrov (Valkeasaari), Dudergof (Tuutari/Tuuteri), Kallivere/Kallivieri, Koltushi (Keltto), Markovo (Markkova), Martyshkino (Tyrö), Moloskovitsy (Moloskovitsa), Nikuljasy (Miikkulainen), Ribovo (Rääpyvä), Skvoritsy (Skuoritsa), Slavyanka (Venjoki), Vuoly (Vuole/Vuolee), Yarvosol (Järvisaari) | to feel like doing |
Värmland
(Vermlanti) |
Värmland (Vermlanti) | to feel like doing |
The classification of and data for regional dialects is based on pre-1950s data. Since the 1950s, the dialects have become increasingly mixed, levelled and influenced by Standard Finnish. Besides Standard Finnish, a relatively uniform and originally urban 'colloquial Finnish' is beginning to emerge in their place, especially in the cities. Source: Suomen murteiden sanakirja by Kotimaisten kielten keskus (CC BY 4.0) |
Conjugation
[edit]Inflection of kehdata (Kotus type 73*F/salata, t-d gradation) | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
indicative mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present tense | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | kehtaan | en kehtaa | 1st sing. | olen kehdannut | en ole kehdannut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kehtaat | et kehtaa | 2nd sing. | olet kehdannut | et ole kehdannut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kehtaa | ei kehtaa | 3rd sing. | on kehdannut | ei ole kehdannut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kehtaamme | emme kehtaa | 1st plur. | olemme kehdanneet | emme ole kehdanneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kehtaatte | ette kehtaa | 2nd plur. | olette kehdanneet | ette ole kehdanneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kehtaavat | eivät kehtaa | 3rd plur. | ovat kehdanneet | eivät ole kehdanneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kehdataan | ei kehdata | passive | on kehdattu | ei ole kehdattu | ||||||||||||||||
past tense | pluperfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | kehtasin | en kehdannut | 1st sing. | olin kehdannut | en ollut kehdannut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kehtasit | et kehdannut | 2nd sing. | olit kehdannut | et ollut kehdannut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kehtasi | ei kehdannut | 3rd sing. | oli kehdannut | ei ollut kehdannut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kehtasimme | emme kehdanneet | 1st plur. | olimme kehdanneet | emme olleet kehdanneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kehtasitte | ette kehdanneet | 2nd plur. | olitte kehdanneet | ette olleet kehdanneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kehtasivat | eivät kehdanneet | 3rd plur. | olivat kehdanneet | eivät olleet kehdanneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kehdattiin | ei kehdattu | passive | oli kehdattu | ei ollut kehdattu | ||||||||||||||||
conditional mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | kehtaisin | en kehtaisi | 1st sing. | olisin kehdannut | en olisi kehdannut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kehtaisit | et kehtaisi | 2nd sing. | olisit kehdannut | et olisi kehdannut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kehtaisi | ei kehtaisi | 3rd sing. | olisi kehdannut | ei olisi kehdannut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kehtaisimme | emme kehtaisi | 1st plur. | olisimme kehdanneet | emme olisi kehdanneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kehtaisitte | ette kehtaisi | 2nd plur. | olisitte kehdanneet | ette olisi kehdanneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kehtaisivat | eivät kehtaisi | 3rd plur. | olisivat kehdanneet | eivät olisi kehdanneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kehdattaisiin | ei kehdattaisi | passive | olisi kehdattu | ei olisi kehdattu | ||||||||||||||||
imperative mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | — | — | 1st sing. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kehtaa | älä kehtaa | 2nd sing. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kehdatkoon | älköön kehdatko | 3rd sing. | olkoon kehdannut | älköön olko kehdannut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kehdatkaamme | älkäämme kehdatko | 1st plur. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kehdatkaa | älkää kehdatko | 2nd plur. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kehdatkoot | älkööt kehdatko | 3rd plur. | olkoot kehdanneet | älkööt olko kehdanneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kehdattakoon | älköön kehdattako | passive | olkoon kehdattu | älköön olko kehdattu | ||||||||||||||||
potential mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | kehdannen | en kehdanne | 1st sing. | lienen kehdannut | en liene kehdannut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | kehdannet | et kehdanne | 2nd sing. | lienet kehdannut | et liene kehdannut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | kehdannee | ei kehdanne | 3rd sing. | lienee kehdannut | ei liene kehdannut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | kehdannemme | emme kehdanne | 1st plur. | lienemme kehdanneet | emme liene kehdanneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | kehdannette | ette kehdanne | 2nd plur. | lienette kehdanneet | ette liene kehdanneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | kehdannevat | eivät kehdanne | 3rd plur. | lienevät kehdanneet | eivät liene kehdanneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | kehdattaneen | ei kehdattane | passive | lienee kehdattu | ei liene kehdattu | ||||||||||||||||
Nominal forms | |||||||||||||||||||||
infinitives | participles | ||||||||||||||||||||
active | passive | active | passive | ||||||||||||||||||
1st | kehdata | present | kehtaava | kehdattava | |||||||||||||||||
long 1st1 |
|
past | kehdannut | kehdattu | |||||||||||||||||
2nd | inessive2 | kehdatessa | kehdattaessa | agent4 | kehtaama | ||||||||||||||||
|
negative | kehtaamaton | |||||||||||||||||||
instructive | kehdaten | — | 1) Used only with a possessive suffix.
2) Usually with a possessive suffix (active only). | ||||||||||||||||||
3rd | inessive | kehtaamassa | — | ||||||||||||||||||
elative | kehtaamasta | — | |||||||||||||||||||
illative | kehtaamaan | — | |||||||||||||||||||
adessive | kehtaamalla | — | |||||||||||||||||||
abessive | kehtaamatta | — | |||||||||||||||||||
instructive | kehtaaman | kehdattaman | |||||||||||||||||||
4th3 | verbal noun | kehtaaminen | |||||||||||||||||||
5th1 |
|
Further reading
[edit]- “kehdata”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish 3-syllable words
- Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Finnish/ehdɑtɑ
- Rhymes:Finnish/ehdɑtɑ/3 syllables
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish verbs
- Finnish auxiliary verbs
- Finnish terms with usage examples
- Eastern Finnish
- Finnish salata-type verbs