kawula

Indonesian

Alternative forms

• kaula

Etymology

Borrowed from Javanese ꦏꦮꦸꦭ (kawula, “servant; subject; I, me”), from Old Javanese kawula (“servant, follower, subject”). Reconstructed as ke- +‎ *wula.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kaˈwula]
• Hyphenation: ka‧wu‧la

Noun

kawula (first-person possessive kawulaku, second-person possessive kawulamu, third-person possessive kawulanya)

1. servant

   Synonyms: abdi, hamba

2. slave

   Synonym: budak

Pronoun

kawula

1. (archaic) I (me, my)

   Synonym: saya

Derived terms

• kawula muda

 

Related terms

• keluarga

 

Further reading

• “kawula” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

Javanese

Romanization

kawula

1. Romanization of ꦏꦮꦸꦭ

Malay

Alternative forms

• kaula
• kaola (Bahasa Dalam Brunei)

Etymology

Borrowed from Javanese ꦏꦮꦸꦭ (kawula), from Old Javanese kawula (“servant, follower, subject”).

Pronunciation

• (Johor-Selangor) IPA^(key): /kaulə/
• (Riau-Lingga) IPA^(key): /kaula/
• Rhymes: -ulə, -lə, -ə

Noun

kawula

1. (Javanese) slave

Pronoun

kawula

1. (Javanese) I (me, my)

Synonyms

• aku
• saya

Further reading

• “kawula” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

Old Javanese

Etymology

Unknown, probably wula +‎ ka-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ka.wu.la/
• Rhymes: -la
• Hyphenation: ka‧wu‧la

Noun

kawula

1. servant, follower, subject

Derived terms

• aṅawula
• aṅawulakĕn
• kawuntĕn
• kumawula
• makawula

 

Descendants

• > Javanese: ꦏꦮꦸꦭ (kawula) (inherited)
  • → Indonesian: kawula
  • → Malay: kawula, kaola

Further reading

• "kawula" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.