kaliti

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kaliti.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kǎːliti/
• Hyphenation: ka‧li‧ti

Verb

káliti impf (Cyrillic spelling ка́лити)

1. (transitive) to harden, temper (iron, steel)

Conjugation

Conjugation of kaliti

infinitive		kaliti
present verbal adverb		kálēći
past verbal adverb		—
verbal noun		káljēnje
		singular			plural
		1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
present		kalim	kališ	kali	kalimo	kalite	kale
future	future I	kalit ću1 kaliću	kalit ćeš1 kalićeš	kalit će1 kaliće	kalit ćemo1 kalićemo	kalit ćete1 kalićete	kalit ćē1 kaliće
	future II	bȕdēm kalio2	bȕdēš kalio2	bȕdē kalio2	bȕdēmo kalili2	bȕdēte kalili2	bȕdū kalili2
past	perfect	kalio sam2	kalio si2	kalio je2	kalili smo2	kalili ste2	kalili su2
	pluperfect3	bȉo sam kalio2	bȉo si kalio2	bȉo je kalio2	bíli smo kalili2	bíli ste kalili2	bíli su kalili2
	imperfect	kaljah	kaljaše	kaljaše	kaljasmo	kaljaste	kaljahu
conditional	conditional I	kalio bih2	kalio bi2	kalio bi2	kalili bismo2	kalili biste2	kalili bi2
	conditional II4	bȉo bih kalio2	bȉo bi kalio2	bȉo bi kalio2	bíli bismo kalili2	bíli biste kalili2	bíli bi kalili2
imperative		—	kali	—	kalimo	kalite	—
active past participle		kalio m / kalila f / kalilo n			kalili m / kalile f / kalila n
passive past participle		kaljen m / kaljena f / kaljeno n			kaljeni m / kaljene f / kaljena n

¹   Croatian spelling: others omit the infinitive suffix completely and bind the clitic.
²   For masculine nouns; a feminine or neuter agent would use the feminine and neuter gender forms of the active past participle and auxiliary verb, respectively.
³   Often replaced by the past perfect in colloquial speech, i.e. the auxiliary verb biti (“to be”) is routinely dropped.
⁴   Often replaced by the conditional I in colloquial speech, i.e. the auxiliary verb biti (“to be”) is routinely dropped.
  *Note: The aorist and imperfect were not present in, or have nowadays fallen into disuse in, many dialects and therefore they are routinely replaced by the past perfect in both formal and colloquial speech.

Derived terms

• iskáliti
• prekáliti

Slovene

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *kaliti.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kalìːti/, /kalíːti/

Verb

kalīti impf

1. to temper, to harden (metal)

Conjugation

-iti -im (AP c)
infinitive	kalīti
1st singular	kalím
infinitive	kalīti			kalȋt, kalȉt
supine	kalȋt
verbal noun	kaljénje
	participle			converb
present	kalȅč			—
past	kaljȅn			—
l-participle	masculine		feminine		neuter
singular	kalȋł		kalíla		kalȋlo
dual	kalȋla		kalȋli		kalȋli
plural	kalȋli		kalȋle		kalȋla
	present			imperative
1st singular	kalím			—
2nd singular	kalíš			káli
3rd singular	kalí			—
1st dual	kalíva			kalȋva
2nd dual	kalíta			kalȋta
3rd dual	kalíta			—
1st plural	kalímo			kalȋmo
2nd plural	kalíte			kalȋte
3rd plural	kalíjo			—

Derived terms

• prekalīti

Etymology 2

From kȃl +‎ -iti.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kalìːti/, /kalíːti/

Verb

kalīti impf

1. to germinate

Conjugation

-iti -im (AP c)
infinitive	kalīti
1st singular	kalím
infinitive	kalīti			kalȋt, kalȉt
supine	—
verbal noun	kaljénje
	participle			converb
present	kalȅč			—
past	—			—
l-participle	masculine		feminine		neuter
singular	kalȋł		kalíla		kalȋlo
dual	kalȋla		kalȋli		kalȋli
plural	kalȋli		kalȋle		kalȋla
	present			imperative
1st singular	kalím			—
2nd singular	kalíš			káli
3rd singular	kalí			—
1st dual	kalíva			kalȋva
2nd dual	kalíta			kalȋta
3rd dual	kalíta			—
1st plural	kalímo			kalȋmo
2nd plural	kalíte			kalȋte
3rd plural	kalíjo			—

Derived terms

• vzkalīti

Etymology 3

From kȃl +‎ -iti.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kalìːti/, /kalíːti/

Verb

kalīti impf

1. to muddy

Conjugation

-iti -im (AP c)
infinitive	kalīti
1st singular	kalím
infinitive	kalīti			kalȋt, kalȉt
supine	kalȋt
verbal noun	kaljénje
	participle			converb
present	kalȅč			—
past	kaljȅn			—
l-participle	masculine		feminine		neuter
singular	kalȋł		kalíla		kalȋlo
dual	kalȋla		kalȋli		kalȋli
plural	kalȋli		kalȋle		kalȋla
	present			imperative
1st singular	kalím			—
2nd singular	kalíš			káli
3rd singular	kalí			—
1st dual	kalíva			kalȋva
2nd dual	kalíta			kalȋta
3rd dual	kalíta			—
1st plural	kalímo			kalȋmo
2nd plural	kalíte			kalȋte
3rd plural	kalíjo			—

Further reading

• “kaliti”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2025