jmn

Egyptian

Other romanization schemes

Manuel de Codage	imn
Gardiner 1927	ꞽmn
Erman & Grapow 1926	ꞽmn
Lepsius 1874 (obsolete)	ȧmen

Etymology 1

Compare Arabic ء م ن (ʔ m n) and Hebrew א־מ־ן (ʾ-m-n).

Pronunciation

 

• (proper noun): (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /jaˈmaːnuw/ → /jaˈmaːnuw/ → /ʔaˈmaːnə/ → /ʔaˈmoːn/

• (proper noun): (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /jaˈmaːnuw/
• (proper noun): (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /jaˈmaːnuw/
• (proper noun): (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʔaˈmaːnə/
• (proper noun): (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʔaˈmoːn/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /imɛn/
  • Conventional anglicization: amen

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to hide, to conceal
2. (intransitive or reflexive) to hide, to be(come) hidden or secret
3. (intransitive, by extension) to be(come) rare or precious [Greco-Roman Period]
4. (transitive) to create, form, shape (in a cosmic, divine sense)

Inflection

Conjugation of jmn (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jmn, geminated stem: jmnn

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
jmn	jmnw, jmn	jmnt	jmn	jmn

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
jmn	ḥr jmn	m jmn	r jmn

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	jmn.n	jmnw, jmn	consecutive	jmn.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	jmnt
perfective3	jmn	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	jmn.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	jmn	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	jmn	jmnn	potentialis1	jmn.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	jmn	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	jmn.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	jmn	active + .tj1, .tw2	jmn	jmn, jmnw5, jmny5
imperfective	jmn, jmny, jmnw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	jmn, jmnj6, jmny6	jmn, jmnw5
prospective	jmn, jmntj7	—	jmntj4, jmnt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jmn  

jmn	jmn	jmn	jmn	jmn	jmn

Derived terms

• jmnyt (“the daily offerings to the gods”)
• jmn ꜥ (“priestess of Bast”)
• jmnw (“a bringer of disease”)
• jmnw (“secret (noun)”)
• jmn-m-ḥꜣt
• jmn-rn.f
• jmnt (“hiding place”)
• jmnt (“secret (noun)”)

 

Adjective

1. perfective active participle of jmn: hidden, precious

Inflection

Declension of jmn (perfective active participle)

	masculine	feminine
singular	jmn	jmnt
dual	jmnwj	jmntj
plural	jmnw	jmnwt1, jmnt2
Archaic in Middle Egyptian when modifying a noun. From Middle Egyptian, this feminine singular form was generally used for the plural. In Late Egyptian, the masculine singular form was used with all nouns.

Proper noun

Relief carving, Medinet Habu, c. 1150 BC

 m

1. Amun, a primeval god, personification of the hiddenness of the primeval waters, worshipped at Hermopolis as a member of the Ogdoad
2. Amun, a god worshipped at Thebes as a member of the Theban Triad. From the Middle Kingdom, the king of the gods.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jmn  

jmn	jmn	jmn	jmn	jmnw	jmn

Derived terms

• jmn-jpt
• jmn-m-jpt
• jmn-m-jpt-swt
• jmn-ms
• jmn-nb-nswt-tꜣwj
• jmn-nḫt
• jmn-rꜥ
• jmn-rꜥ-nswt-nṯrw
• jmn-rn
• jmn-ḥtp
• jmnt
• ꜥnḫ.s-n-jmn
• mry-jmn
• mryt-jmn
• rwḏ-jmn
• zꜣ-jmn
• sḫm-ꜥnḫ-jmn
• tꜣnwꜣtj-jmn
• tꜣ-nt-jmn
• twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn
• twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn-ḥqꜣ-jwnw-šmꜥw
• ḏḏt-jmn

 

Descendants

• Coptic: ⲁⲙⲟⲩⲛ (amoun)
  • → English: Amun
• → Ancient Greek: Ἄμμων (Ámmōn)
  • → Coptic: ⲁⲙⲙⲱⲛ (ammōn)
• → Meroitic: 𐦠𐦨𐦩𐦢 (amni /⁠amani⁠/)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Afroasiatic *yamin-. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *yamīn- (“right”).

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /jaˈmiːnij/ → /jaˈmiːnij/ → /ʔaˈmiːnə/ → /ʔaˈmiːn/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /jaˈmiːnij/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /jaˈmiːnij/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʔaˈmiːnə/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʔaˈmiːn/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /imɛn/
  • Conventional anglicization: amen

Adjective

1. right (direction)
2. western

Inflection

Declension of jmn (perfective active participle)

	masculine	feminine
singular	jmn	jmnt
dual	jmnwj	jmntj
plural	jmnw	jmnwt1, jmnt2
Archaic in Middle Egyptian when modifying a noun. From Middle Egyptian, this feminine singular form was generally used for the plural. In Late Egyptian, the masculine singular form was used with all nouns.

Antonyms

• jꜣbj
• jꜣbtj

Noun

 m

1. the West

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jmn  

jmn	jmn	jmn

Synonyms

• jmntt

Derived terms

• jmnt (“the West (as a place or as a goddess)”)
• jmntj (“westerly wind”)
• jmntj (“Western”)
• jmntj (“people of the west, the dead”)
• jmntt (“the West, western land, graveyard”)
• ḫntj-jmntjw (“foremost of the Westerners”)

 

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 186, 280.
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 83.4–83.6, 83.12–84.7, 84.15–85.2
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 21