gulti
English
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.).
Proper noun
[edit]gulti
Lithuanian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Cognate with Latvian gul̃t (“go to bed”). Related to guolis (“lair, den”) (see there for more cognates). Derksen connects this etymon with dialectal gvaldýti (“cram, pack”), gvãlis (“lair, den”), which means the -u- must go back to Proto-Indo-European *-u̯-. The root may therefore be Proto-Indo-European *gwel-, *gul-.[1]
In view of this reconstruction, we may have to reject connections with Tocharian A klā-, klāw- Tocharian B klāy- (“fall, collapse”), Sanskrit ग्लाति (glāti) ग्लायति (glāyáti, “be exhausted, weary”), which assume a zero-grade *gʷl̥-.[2]
An alternative view is that of Robinson, who, in view of lėgti ("weaken, cease", also "lay down"), suggests a connection by metathesis with Proto-Slavic *legti (“to lie”), from *legʰ-.[3] Compare kepti : Proto-Slavic *pekti (“to bake”).
Verb
[edit]gul̃ti (third-person present tense gùla, third-person past tense gùlė)
- (intransitive, with į̃ + accusative) lie, lie down (assume a lying position to rest)
- (intransitive) fall ill, sick
- (intransitive, about grass, crops) wilt, droop
- (intransitive) settle, rest
- (intransitive, with į̃ + accusative) infest, infect
Conjugation
[edit]| singular (vienaskaita) |
plural (daugiskaita) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person (pirmasis asmuo) |
2nd person (antrasis asmuo) |
3rd person (trečiasis asmuo) |
1st person (pirmasis asmuo) |
2nd person (antrasis asmuo) |
3rd person (trečiasis asmuo) | |||
| aš | tu | jis/ji | mes | jūs | jie/jos | |||
| indicative (tiesioginė nuosaka) |
present (esamasis laikas) |
gulù | gulì | gùla | gùlame, gùlam |
gùlate, gùlat |
gùla | |
| past (būtasis kartinis laikas) |
gulaũ | gulaĩ | gùlo | gùlome, gùlom |
gùlote, gùlot |
gùlo | ||
| past frequentative (būtasis dažninis laikas) |
gul̃davau | gul̃davai | gul̃davo | gul̃davome, gul̃davom |
gul̃davote, gul̃davot |
gul̃davo | ||
| future (būsimasis laikas) |
gul̃siu | gul̃si | gul̃s | gul̃sime, gul̃sim |
gul̃site, gul̃sit |
gul̃s | ||
| subjunctive (tariamoji nuosaka) |
gul̃čiau | gul̃tum, gul̃tumei |
gul̃tų | gul̃tumėme, gul̃tumėm, gul̃tume |
gul̃tumėte, gul̃tumėt |
gul̃tų | ||
| imperative (liepiamoji nuosaka) |
— | gul̃k, gul̃ki |
tegùla, tegùlie |
gul̃kime, gul̃kim |
gul̃kite, gul̃kit |
tegùla, tegùlie | ||
| Adjectival (dalyviai) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| active | passive | ||
| present | gùląs, gùlantis | gùlamas | |
| past | gùlęs | gul̃tas | |
| past frequentative | gul̃davęs | — | |
| future | gul̃siąs, gul̃siantis | gul̃simas | |
| participle of necessity | — | gul̃tinas | |
| Adverbial | |||
| special (pusdalyvis) | gul̃damas | ||
| half-participle (padalyviai) |
present | gùlant | |
| past | gùlus | ||
| past frequentative | gul̃davus | ||
| future | gul̃siant | ||
| manner of action (būdinys) | gul̃te, gul̃tinai | ||
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 193
- ^ Albert J. van Windekens (1979) Le tokharien confronté avec les autres langues indoeuropéennes. Vol. I. La phonétique et le vocabulaire. Louvain, page 217
- ^ David F. Robinson (1983) 'On Loan Words between Baltic and Slavic' in American Contributions to the Ninth International Congress of Slavists, Kiev, September 1983, volume I. Linguistics. Ed. M. S. Flier. Columbus, Ohio, page 248