caru

See also: carú, čáru, and čárů

Asturian

Etymology

From Latin cārus.

Adjective

caru m sg (feminine singular cara, neuter singular caro, masculine plural caros, feminine plural cares)

1. expensive

Antonyms

• baratu

Latvian

Noun

caru m

1. inflection of cars:
   1. accusative/instrumental singular
   2. genitive plural

Old English

Alternative forms

• ċearu, ċearo — West Saxon

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *karu, from Proto-Germanic *karō. Cognate with Old Saxon kara, Old High German kara, Old Norse kǫr (“sickbed”), Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰 (kara).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɑ.ru/

Noun

caru f (Anglian)

1. worry, anxiety, care
2. sorrow, grief
   • 10th century, The Wanderer:

     Oft iċ sceolde āna · ūhtna ġehwylċe
     mīne ċeare cwīþan. · Nis nū cwicra nān…

     Oft I had to bemoan my sorrow alone at every dawn. There is no one alive…

Usage notes

The declension table below shows the inherited forms of caru, with a-restoration and palatal diphthongization before front vowels. This distinction was often leveled in both directions, giving alternative forms such as nom. sg. ċearu and dat. sg. care.

Declension

Strong ō-stem:

	singular	plural
nominative	caru	cara, ċeare
accusative	care, ċeare	cara, ċeare
genitive	care, ċeare	cara
dative	care, ċeare	carum

Derived terms

• carful
• carian
• cariġ
• ūhtcaru

Descendants

• Middle English: care
  • English: care
  • Scots: care
  • Yola: caure, caare, caar

Welsh

Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *karɨd, from Proto-Celtic *karāti (“to love”), from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂- (“to desire, wish”).

Pronunciation

• (North Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈkarɨ̞/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈka(ː)ri/
• Rhymes: -arɨ

Verb

caru (first-person singular present caraf)

1. (transitive) to love, like

   Antonym: casáu

Conjugation

Conjugation (literary)

	singular			plural			impersonal
	first	second	third	first	second	third
present indicative/future	caraf	ceri	câr, cara	carwn	cerwch, carwch	carant	cerir
imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional	carwn	carit	carai	carem	carech	carent	cerid
preterite	cerais	ceraist	carodd	carasom	carasoch	carasant	carwyd
pluperfect	caraswn	carasit	carasai	carasem	carasech	carasent	carasid, caresid
present subjunctive	carwyf	cerych	caro	carom	caroch	caront	carer
imperative	—	cara	cared	carwn	cerwch, carwch	carent	carer
verbal noun	caru
verbal adjectives	caredig caradwy

Conjugation (colloquial)

inflected colloquial forms	singular			plural
	first	second	third	first	second	third
future	cara i, caraf i	cari di	carith o/e/hi, cariff e/hi	carwn ni	carwch chi	caran nhw
conditional	carwn i, carswn i	caret ti, carset ti	carai fo/fe/hi, carsai fo/fe/hi	caren ni, carsen ni	carech chi, carsech chi	caren nhw, carsen nhw
preterite	carais i, cares i	caraist ti, carest ti	carodd o/e/hi	caron ni	caroch chi	caron nhw
imperative	—	cara	—	—	carwch	—

Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh.

Related terms

• cariad m (“love, charity, affection; beloved (one); lover, sweetheart, darling”)
• Carwyn

Mutation

Mutated forms of caru

radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
caru	garu	ngharu	charu

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “caru”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies