calad

Old Irish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *kaletos. Cognate with Welsh caled.

Adjective

calad

1. hard

Inflection

o/ā-stem
Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	calad	calad	calad
Vocative	calaid* calad**
Accusative	calad	calaid
Genitive	calaid	cailte	calaid
Dative	calad	calaid	calad
Plural	Masculine	Feminine/neuter
Nominative	calaid	cailtea
Vocative	cailtiu cailtea†
Accusative	cailtiu cailtea†
Genitive	calad
Dative	cailtib
Notes	*modifying a noun whose vocative is different from its nominative **modifying a noun whose vocative is identical to its nominative † not when substantivized

Descendants

• Middle Irish: calad
  • Irish: caladh

Etymology 2

Possibly from Late Latin calatum, but more likely a substantive use of Etymology 1, i.e. solid land as opposed to the sea (eDIL).

Noun

calad m

1. shore, port, landing

Declension

Masculine o-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	calad	caladL	calaidL
Vocative	calaid	caladL	caladuH
Accusative	caladN	caladL	caladuH
Genitive	calaidL	calad	caladN
Dative	caladL	caladaib	caladaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

• Middle Irish: calad
  • Irish: caladh
  • Scottish Gaelic: cala, caladh

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
calad	chalad	calad pronounced with /ɡ(ʲ)-/
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 calad”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 calad”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Spanish

Verb

calad

1. second-person plural imperative of calar