Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kaletos

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

If the original meaning was "frozen" before evolving into "hard," possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlH-eto- (“cold”), related to *kal- (“hard”), see also Proto-Germanic *haliþaz (“hero”), Latin calleo (“I am hardened”). MacBain prefers a connection with Proto-Germanic *halluz (“stone, boulder”), from *(s)kel- (“to cut; hew”).

Adjective

*kaletos

1. hard, strong, cruel

Inflection

O/ā-stem
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kaletos	*kaletou	*kaletoi
vocative	*kalete	*kaletou	*kaletoi
accusative	*kaletom	*kaletou	*kaletons
genitive	*kaletī	*kaletous	*kaletom
dative	*kaletūi	*kaletobom	*kaletobos
instrumental	*kaletū	*kaletobim	*kaletobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kaletā	*kaletai	*kaletās
vocative	*kaletā	*kaletai	*kaletās
accusative	*kaletam	*kaletai	*kaletans
genitive	*kaletās	*kaletous	*kaletom
dative	*kaletai	*kaletābom	*kaletābos
instrumental	*?	*kaletābim	*kaletābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kaletom	*kaletou	*kaletā
vocative	*kaletom	*kaletou	*kaletā
accusative	*kaletom	*kaletou	*kaletā
genitive	*kaletī	*kaletous	*kaletom
dative	*kaletūi	*kaletobom	*kaletobos
instrumental	*kaletū	*kaletobim	*kaletobis

Declension of the comparative
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kaletyūs	*?	*kaletyoses
vocative	*kaletyūs	*?	*kaletyoses
accusative	*kaletyosam	*?	*kaletyosans
genitive	*kaletisos	*?	*kaletisom
dative	*kaletisei	*?	*kaletisbos
instrumental	*kaletisī	*?	*kaletisbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kaletyūs	*?	*kaletyoses
vocative	*kaletyūs	*?	*kaletyoses
accusative	*kaletyosam	*?	*kaletyosans
genitive	*kaletisos	*?	*kaletisom
dative	*kaletisei	*?	*kaletisbos
instrumental	*kaletisī	*?	*kaletisbis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kaletis	*?	*?
vocative	*kaletis	*?	*?
accusative	*kaletis	*?	*?
genitive	*kaletisos	*?	*kaletisom
dative	*kaletisei	*?	*kaletisbos
instrumental	*kaletisī	*?	*kaletisbis

Descendants

• Proto-Brythonic: *kaled
  • Middle Breton: calet, caled
    • Breton: kaled
  • Cornish: cales, calas, calys
  • Middle Welsh: caled
    • Welsh: caled
• Old Irish: calad
  • Middle Irish: calad
    • Irish: caladh
• Gaulish: Caleti (ethnonym)