Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/haliþaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Uncertain. Perhaps related to Proto-Slavic *xvala (“praise, thanks”). Kluge suggests a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *kal- (“hard”), see also Old Church Slavonic калити (kaliti, “to harden, cool”), Old Irish calath (“hard”), Sanskrit कलिका (kalikā, “bud”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxɑ.li.θɑz/

Noun

*haliþaz m

1. hero

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *haliþaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*haliþaz	*haliþōz, *haliþōs
vocative	*haliþ	*haliþōz, *haliþōs
accusative	*haliþą	*haliþanz
genitive	*haliþas, *haliþis	*haliþǫ̂
dative	*haliþai	*haliþamaz
instrumental	*haliþō	*haliþamiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *haliþ
  • Old English: hæle, hæleþ, hæleð
    • Middle English: heleð, haleð, hæleð; hathel (conflation with athel (“nobleman”))
      • English: health
      • Middle Scots: hathill
  • Old Frisian: *heleth
    • Saterland Frisian: Häld
    • West Frisian: held
  • Old Saxon: helith, helid
    • Middle Low German: helt
      • German Low German: Held
      • → Danish: helt
      • → Norwegian Bokmål: helt
      • → Norwegian Nynorsk: helt
      • → Swedish: hjälte
  • Old Dutch: *helit
    • Middle Dutch: helet, helt
      • Dutch: held
        • Afrikaans: held
  • Old High German: helid
    • Middle High German: helt
      • German: Held
      • Yiddish: העלד (held), האָלד (hold)
• Old Norse: halr, hǫldr
  • Icelandic: halur, höldur
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: hauld