acerbo

Galician

Etymology

From Latin acerbus.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /aˈθɛɾbo/ [aˈθɛɾ.β̞ʊ]

• IPA^(key): (standard) /aˈθɛɾbo/ [aˈθɛɾ.β̞ʊ]
• IPA^(key): (seseo) /aˈsɛɾbo/ [aˈsɛɾ.β̞ʊ]

• Rhymes: -ɛɾbo
• Hyphenation: a‧cer‧bo

Adjective

acerbo (feminine acerba, masculine plural acerbos, feminine plural acerbas)

1. acerbic

Related terms

• acerbidade

Further reading

• “acerbo”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2025

Italian

Etymology

From Latin acerbus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /aˈt͡ʃɛr.bo/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛrbo
• Hyphenation: a‧cèr‧bo

Adjective

acerbo (feminine acerba, masculine plural acerbi, feminine plural acerbe, superlative acerbissimo)

1. unripe, premature
2. acerbic, sour, bitter, harsh, crude
3. hard, severe

Derived terms

• acerbamente

Related terms

• acerbità

Further reading

• acerbo in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Anagrams

• bacerò, borace, orbace

Latin

Etymology

From acerbus (“harsh, bitter”) +‎ -ō.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /aˈker.boː/, [äˈkɛrboː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /aˈt͡ʃer.bo/, [äˈt͡ʃɛrbo]

Verb

acerbō (present infinitive acerbāre, perfect active acerbāvī, supine acerbātum); first conjugation

1. (transitive) to make harsh or bitter, embitter
2. (transitive) to augment or aggravate something disagreeable, make worse, exacerbate

Conjugation

   Conjugation of acerbō (first conjugation)

indicative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	acerbō		acerbās		acerbat		acerbāmus		acerbātis		acerbant
	imperfect	acerbābam		acerbābās		acerbābat		acerbābāmus		acerbābātis		acerbābant
	future	acerbābō		acerbābis		acerbābit		acerbābimus		acerbābitis		acerbābunt
	perfect	acerbāvī		acerbāvistī		acerbāvit		acerbāvimus		acerbāvistis		acerbāvērunt, acerbāvēre
	pluperfect	acerbāveram		acerbāverās		acerbāverat		acerbāverāmus		acerbāverātis		acerbāverant
	future perfect	acerbāverō		acerbāveris		acerbāverit		acerbāverimus		acerbāveritis		acerbāverint
passive	present	acerbor		acerbāris, acerbāre		acerbātur		acerbāmur		acerbāminī		acerbantur
	imperfect	acerbābar		acerbābāris, acerbābāre		acerbābātur		acerbābāmur		acerbābāminī		acerbābantur
	future	acerbābor		acerbāberis, acerbābere		acerbābitur		acerbābimur		acerbābiminī		acerbābuntur
	perfect	acerbātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	acerbātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	acerbātus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	acerbem		acerbēs		acerbet		acerbēmus		acerbētis		acerbent
	imperfect	acerbārem		acerbārēs		acerbāret		acerbārēmus		acerbārētis		acerbārent
	perfect	acerbāverim		acerbāverīs		acerbāverit		acerbāverīmus		acerbāverītis		acerbāverint
	pluperfect	acerbāvissem		acerbāvissēs		acerbāvisset		acerbāvissēmus		acerbāvissētis		acerbāvissent
passive	present	acerber		acerbēris, acerbēre		acerbētur		acerbēmur		acerbēminī		acerbentur
	imperfect	acerbārer		acerbārēris, acerbārēre		acerbārētur		acerbārēmur		acerbārēminī		acerbārentur
	perfect	acerbātus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	acerbātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	—		acerbā		—		—		acerbāte		—
	future	—		acerbātō		acerbātō		—		acerbātōte		acerbantō
passive	present	—		acerbāre		—		—		acerbāminī		—
	future	—		acerbātor		acerbātor		—		—		acerbantor
non-finite forms		infinitive						participle
		active			passive			active			passive
present		acerbāre			acerbārī			acerbāns			—
future		acerbātūrum esse			acerbātum īrī			acerbātūrus			acerbandus
perfect		acerbāvisse			acerbātum esse			—			acerbātus
future perfect		—			acerbātum fore			—			—
perfect potential		acerbātūrum fuisse			—			—			—
verbal nouns		gerund								supine
		genitive		dative		accusative		ablative		accusative		ablative
		acerbandī		acerbandō		acerbandum		acerbandō		acerbātum		acerbātū

Derived terms

• acerbātus
• exacerbō
• inacerbō
• obacerbat

Related terms

• ācer
• acerbē
• acerbitās
• acerbitūdō
• acerbus

Descendants

• English: acerbate, exacerbate

References

• “acerbo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “acerbo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• acerbo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • (ambiguous) he has had many painful experiences: multa acerba expertus est
    

Portuguese

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin acerbus.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /aˈsɛʁ.bu/ [aˈsɛɦ.bu]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /aˈsɛʁ.bu/ [aˈsɛɦ.bu]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /aˈsɛɾ.bu/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /aˈsɛʁ.bu/
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /aˈsɛɻ.bo/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ɐˈsɛɾ.bu/ [ɐˈsɛɾ.βu]

Adjective

acerbo (feminine acerba, masculine plural acerbos, feminine plural acerbas)

1. acerbic (bitter to the taste)

Derived terms

• acerbamente

Related terms

• acerbidade

Further reading

• “acerbo”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2025

Etymology 2

Verb

acerbo

1. first-person singular present indicative of acerbar

Spanish

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin acerbus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Spain) /aˈθeɾbo/ [aˈθeɾ.β̞o]
• IPA^(key): (Latin America, Philippines) /aˈseɾbo/ [aˈseɾ.β̞o]
• Rhymes: -eɾbo
• Syllabification: a‧cer‧bo

Adjective

acerbo (feminine acerba, masculine plural acerbos, feminine plural acerbas)

1. acerb (bitter to the taste)
2. acerbic (sour or bitter)
3. biting, scathing, acerbic

Derived terms

• acerbamente
• exacerbar

Related terms

• acerbidad

Further reading

• “acerbo”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10