User:Victar/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ósth₁

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

h₃ésth₁i^[1]^[2]
h₃ósth₁i^[3]
h₂óst ~ h₂ést-^[4]^[5]
HostH ~ HostH-es ~ HostH-ei^[6]

Noun

*h₂ósth₁ n

bone

Inflection

Athematic, proterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*h₂ósth₁
genitive	*h₂sth₁éns
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂ósth₁	*h₂ósth₁ih₁	*h₂ósth₁h₂
vocative	*h₂ósth₁	*h₂ósth₁ih₁	*h₂ósth₁h₂
accusative	*h₂ósth₁	*h₂ósth₁ih₁	*h₂ósth₁h₂
genitive	*h₂sth₁éns	*?	*h₂sth₁énoHom
ablative	*h₂sth₁éns	*?	h₂sth₁énmos, h₂sth₁énbʰos
dative	*h₂sth₁éney	*?	h₂sth₁énmos, h₂sth₁énbʰos
locative	h₂ésth₁, h₂ésth₁i	*?	*h₂sth₁énsu
instrumental	*h₂sth₁énh₁	*?	h₂sth₁énmis, h₂sth₁énbʰis

Derived terms

*h₃ésth₁-u-m ~ *h₃sth₁-éw-m^[7]
- Proto-Italic: *ostom
  - Latin: ossum

*h₃sth₁éy-o-s^[2]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὀστέον (ostéon)
    - Greek: οστό (ostó)

*h₃ósth₁-ōy^[8]^[9]^[7]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒄩𒀸𒋫𒀀𒄿 (ḫa-aš-ta-a-i /⁠ḫaštāi⁠/)

*h₃ósth₁-wēr^[7]^[10]
- Armenian: (h)o̍s(t)-kir^[7]
  - Old Armenian: ոսկր (oskr)
    - Armenian: ոսկոր (oskor)

[Term?]
- Proto-Celtic: *ast- (“ribs”, pl.)
  - Proto-Brythonic:
    - Middle Cornish: asow
    - Middle Welsh: eis

*h₃sth₁en-éh₂
- Proto-Celtic: *astinā f (“rib”)
  - Proto-Brythonic:
    - Old Cornish: asen
      - Middle Cornish: asen, Middle Cornish: asan
    - Middle Welsh: asen

Descendants

Proto-Albanian: *ašta^[11]^[12]
- Albanian: ashtë
  - ⇒ Albanian: asht
- ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *aštī (rebuilt as i-stem)^[11]
  - Albanian: eshtë

Proto-Anatolian:
- Luwian:
  Cuneiform script: 𒄩𒀀𒀸𒊭 (ḫa-a-aš-ša), 𒄩𒀸𒊭 (ḫa-aš-ša /⁠ḫāšša⁠/, nom.-acc.sg.), [script needed] (ḫa-a-ša-ti), [script needed] (ḫa-ša-a-ti /⁠ḫāšati⁠/, abl.-instr.)

Celtic:
- Brythonic:
  - Welsh: asgwrn (< *astkornu), ais (< *astū < *h₂estōn), asen (< *astonion)
- Old Irish: asna (< *h₂estnijo)
  - Irish: easna
  - Scottish Gaelic: asna

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hástʰ^[5] ~ *Hastʰás
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hástʰi (rebuilt as n-stem)
  - Sanskrit: अस्थि (ásthi) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Iranian: *Hásti
  - Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬌 (asti)
  - Kurdish: hestî
  - Persian: است (ast), استخوان (ostoxân)
- Proto-Iranian: *Hást
  - Avestan: [script needed] (astō, gen.sg.), [script needed] (asti, nom.-acc.pl.)
- Proto-Nuristani:
  - Kamviri: âṭi

Proto-Italic: *osta^[6] ~ *ostes
- Latin: os ~ ossis (see there for further descendants)

Tocharian:
- Tocharian B: āy (plural āsta)

References

^ Kapović, Mate (2017) “Part 1 Chapter 2: Proto-Indo-European morphology”, in Kapović, Mate, editor, The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 70
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὀστέον”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1119
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[2], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 45
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Lipp, Reiner (2009) Die indogermanischen und einzelsprachlichen Palatale im Indoiranischen: Neurekonstruktion, Nuristan-Sprachen, Genese der indoarischen Retroflexe, Indoarisch von Mitanni (Indogermanische Bibliothek; 3) (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Winter, page 351
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 81
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Macak, Martin (2017–2018) “Chapter X: Armenian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Classical Armenian, page 1050
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫaštāi / ḫašti-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 325-326
^ Kortlandt, Frederik (2001) “Initial Laryngeals in Anatolian”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎^[3]
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “oskr”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 533
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎^[4], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 96,135
^ Demiraj, B. (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[5] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 41

[1] Kapović, Mate (2017) “Part 1 Chapter 2: Proto-Indo-European morphology”, in Kapović, Mate, editor, The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 70

[Beekes-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὀστέον”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1119

[3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[4] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[2], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 45

[Lipp-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Lipp, Reiner (2009) Die indogermanischen und einzelsprachlichen Palatale im Indoiranischen: Neurekonstruktion, Nuristan-Sprachen, Genese der indoarischen Retroflexe, Indoarisch von Mitanni (Indogermanische Bibliothek; 3) (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Winter, page 351

[Schrijver-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 81

[HCHIEL-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Macak, Martin (2017–2018) “Chapter X: Armenian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Classical Armenian, page 1050

[8] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫaštāi / ḫašti-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 325-326

[9] Kortlandt, Frederik (2001) “Initial Laryngeals in Anatolian”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎^[3]

[10] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “oskr”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 533

[Orel-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎^[4], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 96,135

[12] Demiraj, B. (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[5] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 41

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