User:Victar/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)kew(H)-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*(s)kew(H)-^[1]^[2]

to cover, wrap^[1]
to hide, conceal

*ḱuh₁-tó-s (“swollen”) (< *ḱewh₁- (“to swell”))
- Proto-Celtic: *kutos
  - Proto-Brythonic: *kud
    - Welsh: cwd (“pouch, bag, sac, purse; scrotum”)
- ⇒ *kuh₁t-íh₂ ~ *kuh₁t-yéh₂-s^[3]
  - >? Proto-Tocharian: *kātsān (“belly, stomach, abdomen; womb”)^[4]
    - Tocharian A: kāts
    - Tocharian B: kātso
- ⇒ *kuh₁t-ṓ ~ *kh₁ut-n-és
  - Proto-Germanic: *huþô (“testicle”)^[5] (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *kuh₁t-ti-s ~ *kuh₁t-téy-s
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: κύστις (kústis, “bladder”)

*(s)kuH-tó-s (“covered”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *skútos
  - Ancient Greek: σκῦτος (skûtos, “skin, hide”)
- ⇒ *kúHt-ih₂ ~ *kuHt-yéh₂-s (“skin, hide”)^[1]
  - Proto-Germanic: *hūdiz (“hide, skin”)^[6] (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Italic: *kutis^[7]
    - Latin: cutis (“skin, hide, leather”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Tocharian: *kwāc^[3]^[4]
    - Tocharian A: kāc (“skin”)

Derived terms

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*(s)kéw(H)-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)^[2]^[8]
- Proto-Celtic: *koudeti
  - Proto-Brythonic: *kʉðɨd (“to hide”)
    - Middle Breton: cuzaff
      - Breton: kuzhat
    - Cornish: cuthe
    - Welsh: cuddio
- Proto-Hellenic: *kéutʰō
  - Ancient Greek: κεύθω (keúthō, “to cover, hide, conceal”)
- ⇒ *(s)ku(H)dʰ-yé-ti
  - Proto-Germanic: *hūdijaną^[9] (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *(s)ku(H)dʰ-tó-s^[8]
  - Proto-Germanic: *huzdaz (“hidden”)
    - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *huzdą (“treasure”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Italic: *kustots
    - >? Latin: custōs (“guard, keeper, jailer”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)ku-né(H)-ti ~ *(s)ku-n-(H)-énti
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *skunáHti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *skunáHti
    - >? Sanskrit: स्कुनाति (skunā́ti, “to poke; to cover”) (dubious; meaning “to cover” late^[1])

*(s)kéw(H)-ō ~ *(s)ku(H)-n-és^[1]
- Proto-Germanic: *skiwô (“cloud cover, haze, sky”)^[10] (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skiwją (“cloud, sky”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kéw(H)-l̥ ~ *(s)ku(H)-én-s^[1]
- >? Proto-Celtic: *kūlos
  - Proto-Brythonic: *kil
    - Breton: kil (“nape, back”)
    - Welsh: cil (“corner, nook; nape, back”)
    - Cornish: kil (“recess, nook; nape, back”)
  - Old Irish: cúl (“posterior”)
    - Irish: cúl
    - Manx: cooyl
    - Scottish Gaelic: cùl
- Proto-Germanic: *skeulą (“shelter, hiding place”)^[11] (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *skiulijaną (“to shelter, hide”)^[12] (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Italic: *kūlos^[13]
  - Latin: cūlus (“posterior”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kowH-éh₂^[14]
- Proto-Germanic: *hawō
  - Old Norse: há f (“hide”)
*(s)kówH-l̥ ~ *(s)kówH-ōl
- ⇒ *(s)kowH-ol-ō
  - Proto-Germanic: *skawalô^[15]
    - >? Old Norse: skáli (“small building, shed, barn; room; drinking hall”)
      - → Middle English: scale
        English: scale (dialectal)
      - Faroese: skáli
      - Icelandic: skáli (“hut, shed; barn, lodge; hall, dining hall”)
      - Norwegian Bokmål: skåle (“hut”)
      - Swedish: skål, skåla (“hut”) (dialectal)
*(s)kuH-r-éh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *skūrō (“shelter”) (see there for further descendants)
*(s)kuH-s-ó-m
- >? Proto-Germanic: *hūsą (“house”) (see there for further descendants)

*(s)kuH-tó-m
- Latin: scūtum (“shield, defense”) (see there for further descendants)
*(s)ku(H)-tó-s
- Ancient Greek: κύτος (kútos, “hollow vessel”) (possibly, alternatively from *(s)kew- (“to pluck”))

Unsorted formations:
- Ancient Greek: σκύλος (skúlos, “skin, hide”)^[16]
- >? Old Armenian: սուզանեմ (suzanem)
  - Armenian: սուզել (suzel)
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kjáuˀtas (“shell, skin”)
  - Lithuanian: kiáutas
  - Old Prussian: keuta
- Lithuanian: kutỹs (“purse”)
- Lithuanian: kẽvalas (“skin, cover”)
- >? Old English: sċunian (“to shun, avoid; to detest”), sċeonian, sċynian, sċyniġan
  - Middle English: shonen
    - English: shun
    - Scots: shun
- Proto-Germanic: *husǭ (“outer covering, shell, husk; leggings”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒? Sanskrit: कुहू (kuhū, “new moon”)
- ⇒? Sanskrit: कुहरम् (kuharam, “cave, cavity, hole”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 134: “*(s)keu(hₓ)- ‘cover, wrap’; *skeuhₓon-; *kuhₓ-l- ‘cover; covered area’; *(s)keu-t- ‘skin, hide’”
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “2. (s)keu-, (s)keu̯ə : (s)kū- ‚bedecken, umhüllen‘”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 2. (s)keu-, (s)keu̯ə : (s)kū- ‚bedecken, umhüllen‘ of 951-953
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Hilmarsson, Jörundur (1985) “Toch. A kāc, Lat. cutis, OIcel. húð < I.E. *kuHtís ‘skin’”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung, volume 98, pages 162–163
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kātso”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 165–166
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xūđiz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 196: “WGmc *xuþan ‘testicle’”
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hūdi-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 251–252
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cutis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*keu̯dʰ- ‘verbergen’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 358-359
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xūđjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 196
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skiwōn”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 341
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skeulan ~ *skūlan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 339
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skeuljanan ~ *skūljanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 339
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cūlus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 151
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hawō-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[7], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 218
^ de Vries, Jan (1977) “skáli”, in Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Old Norse Etymological Dictionary]‎^[8] (in German), 2nd revised edition, Leiden: Brill, Expression error: Unrecognized word "b". page 481b
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “σκύλος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1363

[EIEC-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 134: “*(s)keu(hₓ)- ‘cover, wrap’; *skeuhₓon-; *kuhₓ-l- ‘cover; covered area’; *(s)keu-t- ‘skin, hide’”

[IEW-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “2. (s)keu-, (s)keu̯ə : (s)kū- ‚bedecken, umhüllen‘”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 2. (s)keu-, (s)keu̯ə : (s)kū- ‚bedecken, umhüllen‘ of 951-953

[Hilmarsson-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Hilmarsson, Jörundur (1985) “Toch. A kāc, Lat. cutis, OIcel. húð < I.E. *kuHtís ‘skin’”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung, volume 98, pages 162–163

[Adams-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kātso”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 165–166

[5] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xūđiz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 196: “WGmc *xuþan ‘testicle’”

[6] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hūdi-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 251–252

[7] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cutis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160

[LIV-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*keu̯dʰ- ‘verbergen’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 358-359

[9] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xūđjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 196

[10] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skiwōn”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 341

[11] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skeulan ~ *skūlan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 339

[12] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skeuljanan ~ *skūljanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 339

[13] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cūlus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 151

[14] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hawō-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[7], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 218

[15] Vries, Jan (1977) “skáli”, in Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Old Norse Etymological Dictionary]‎^[8] (in German), 2nd revised edition, Leiden: Brill, Expression error: Unrecognized word "b". page 481b

[16] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “σκύλος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1363

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