Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/sparēn

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *sparāną. Equivalent to *spar (“sparing, frugal”) +‎ *-ēn.

Verb

*sparēn

1. to spare

Inflection

Class 3 weak
Infinitive	*sparēn
1st sg. past	*spar?dā
Infinitive	*sparēn
Genitive infin.	*sparēnijas
Dative infin.	*sparēnijē
Instrum. infin.	*sparēniju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*sparē	*spar?dā
2nd singular	*sparēs	*spar?dēs, *spar?dēs
3rd singular	*sparēþ	*spar?dē, *spar?dā
1st plural	*sparēm	*spar?dum
2nd plural	*sparēþ	*spar?dud
3rd plural	*sparēnþ	*spar?dun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*sparē	*spar?dī
2nd singular	*sparēs	*spar?dī
3rd singular	*sparē	*spar?dī
1st plural	*sparēm	*spar?dīm
2nd plural	*sparēþ	*spar?dīd
3rd plural	*sparēn	*spar?dīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*sparē
Plural	*sparēþ
	Present	Past
Participle	*sparēndī	*spar?d

Descendants

• Old English: sparian
  • Middle English: sparien, sparen
    • Scots: spar, spair
    • English: spare
• Old Frisian: sparia, spara
  • Saterland Frisian: spoarje
  • West Frisian: sparje
• Old Saxon: sparōn
  • Middle Low German: sparen
    • German Low German: sparen
• Old Dutch: *sparon
  • Middle Dutch: spāren
    • Dutch: sparen
      • Afrikaans: spaar
      • Negerhollands: spaar, spaer
      • → Caribbean Javanese: separ, nyepar
      • → Papiamentu: spar, spaar
• Old High German: sparēn, sparōn
  • Middle High German: sparn
    • German: sparen
    • Yiddish: שפּאָרן (shporn)
      • Esperanto: ŝpari
    • Luxembourgish: spueren
• → Vulgar Latin: sparāniō (attested in the Reichenau Glossary)
  • Italo-Romance:
    • Italian: sparagnare ⇒ risparmiare
      • Central dialects: sparagnà ⇒ risparagnà, resparagnà, risparmià, risparambià
    • Neapolitan: sparagnà
    • Sicilian: sparagnari
  • Padanian:
    • Emilian: sparmier, sparer ⇒ rasparar, arsparmier
    • Lombard: spargnar, sparmir
    • Piedmontese: spargné
    • Romagnol: sparmier, sparanear ⇒ arpsamear
  • Northern Gallo-Romance:
    • Franc-Comtois: éparmaî
    • Franco-Provençal: épargnèr, éparmar

      Valdôtain: éparmir

    • Old Bourgignon: arsparmer, esparmer
      • ⇒ Bourguignon: reparmer
    • Old French: espargnier, esparigner, esparnier, esparnir, esparner, aperner
      • French: épargner
    • Walloon: spârgnî
  • Southern Gallo-Romance:
    • Occitan: esparnhar