Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/yudruk

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions

• *yïdruk

Etymology

The ultimate origin is unknown. Even though suggested to be a derivation from *yum- (“to close (of eyes)”); Bashkir, Old Uyghur, Karakhanid and so on don't point it. As regards *ń-, Doerfer deemed only the comparison of Mongolic nudurga ‘fist’ and Turkic yudruk acceptable and claimed that the Mongolic form might have been dissimilated from *dudurga. In a later study in which he consonants had not undergone any changes during the formation of Proto-Common-Turkic and Proto-Bulgar-Turkic, it is possible and quite likely that Proto-Turkic had the same initials *p-, *ń- and *d₂- aswell.

Compared to Proto-Mongolic *nidurga (“fist”) and Proto-Tungusic *nurga (“fist”). And also Korean 주먹 (jumeok, “fist”) (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

*yudruk

1. fist

Declension

Declension of *yudruk

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*yudruk
Accusative	*yudrukug, *yudruknï1)
Genitive	*yudruknuŋ
Dative	*yudrukka
Locative	*yudrukda
Ablative	*yudrukdan
Allative	*yudrukgaru
Instrumental 2)	*yudrukun
Equative 2)	*yudrukča
Similative 2)	*yudruklayu
Comitative 2)	*yudruklugu

¹⁾ Originally only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.

See also

• *yum-
• *yum
• *yumruk
• *yumduruk

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: чӑмӑр (čămăr) (< *yumur- (?))
• Common Turkic: *yudruk

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: zumruq
• Proto-Oghuz: *yumruk
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (yumruq)
    • Azerbaijani: yumruq
    • Ottoman Turkish: یومروق (yumruk)
      • Gagauz: yumruk
      • Turkish: yumruk
      • → Bulgarian: юмрук (jumruk)
  • Salar: yuğurdaq
  • Turkmen: ýumruk
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: يُذْرُقْ (yuδruq)
    • Chagatai: [script needed] (yumruk)
• Kipchak:
  • North Kipchak:
    • Tatar: йомрык (yomrıq), йодрык (yodrıq)
    • Bashkir: йоҙроҡ (yoźroq)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: yumruq, yumrıq
    • Karachay-Balkar: джумдурукъ (cumduruq)
    • Karaim:
    • Kumyk: юмурукъ (yumuruq)
    • Urum: йумрух
  • South Kipchak:
    • Caspian:
      • Karakalpak:
      • Kazakh: жұдырық (jūdyryq), жұмырық (jūmyryq)
      • Nogai: юмырык (yumırık)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: жудурук (juduruk)
      • Southern Altai: јудрук (ǰudruk)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic:
    • Old Uyghur: yydrwq (yïdruq)
      • Western Yugur: [script needed] (uzïrïq)
  • North Siberian:
    • Yakut: сутурук (suturuk), сутурух (suturuq)
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan:
      • Tofa: нюдуруӄ (ńuduruq)
      • Tuvan: чудурук (çuduruk)
    • Yeniseian:
      • Khakas: мунзурух (munzurux), нузурух (nuzurux)
      • Shor: [script needed] (nuzruq)

References

• Doerfer, Gerhard (1963–1975). Türkische und Mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen. Bde. I–IV, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*yudruk”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 892
• Sevortjan, E. V., Levitskaja, L. S. (1989) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, pages 248-249
• Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, page 253