Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/yalga-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

It has been suggested that it may be derived from *yalïg (itself possibly derived from an unattested *yal- (“to lick”))^[1] if its earliest meaning was "tongue", compare Karakhanid [script needed] (yalığ, “a cock's comb; mane”)^[2].

Verb

*yalga-

(transitive) to lick

Conjugation

Conjugation of *yalga- (Common Turkic)

Note: Actual conjugations can be more complex than tables below. Compound forms with the auxiliary *er- not shown.

Positive

infinitive			*yālgamak
participle	present		*yālgagan, yālgagma, yālgar
	past		*yālgaduk, yālgamïš
	future		*yālgadačï, yālgamakčï, yālgasïk, yālgayačak
verbal noun			*yālgama, yālgag, yālgagu
way of doing			*yālgaš
			singular			plural
			1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*yālgar ben	*yālgar sen	*yālgar	*yālgar biz	*yālgar siz	*yālgar
	past	simple	*yālgadïm	*yālgadïŋ	*yālgadï	*yālgadïk, yālgadïmïz	*yālgadïŋïz	*yālgadï
	past	inferential	*yālgamïš ben	*yālgamïš sen	*yālgamïš	*yālgamïš biz	*yālgamïš siz	*yālgamïš
	future	simple	*yālgadačï ben, yālgamakčï ben, yālgayačak ben	*yālgadačï sen, yālgamakčï sen, yālgayačak sen	*yālgadačï, yālgamakčï, yālgayačak	*yālgadačï biz, yālgamakčï biz, yālgayačak biz	*yālgadačï siz, yālgamakčï siz, yālgayačak siz	*yālgadačï, yālgamakčï, yālgayačak
		predictive	*yālgagay ben	*yālgagay sen	*yālgagay	*yālgagay biz	*yālgagay siz	*yālgagay
		necessitive	*yālgasïkïm	*yālgasïkïŋ	*yālgasïk	*yālgasïkïmïz	*yālgasïkïŋïz	*yālgasïk
conditional			*yālgasam, yālgasar ben	*yālgasaŋ, yālgasar sen	*yālgasa, yālgasar	*yālgasak, yālgasamïz, yālgasar biz	*yālgasaŋïz, yālgasar siz	*yālgasalar, yālgasar
optative			*yālgagay ben	*yālgagay sen	*yālgagay	*yālgagay biz	*yālgagay siz	*yālgagay
progressive			*yālgamakda ben	*yālgamakda sen	*yālgamakda	*yālgamakda biz	*yālgamakda siz	*yālgamakda
necessitative			*yālgamalïg ben	*yālgamalïg sen	*yālgamalïg	*yālgamalïg biz	*yālgamalïg siz	*yālgamalïg
imperative			*yālgayayïn	*yālga, yālgagïl	*yālgazun	*yālgayalïm	*yālgayïŋ	*yālgazun

Negative

infinitive			*yālgamamak
participle	present		*yālgamagan, yālgamagma, yālgamaz
	past		*yālgamaduk, yālgamamïš
	future		*yālgamačï, yālgamasïk, yālgamayačak
verbal noun			*yālgamama, yālgamag, yālgamagu
way of doing			*yālgamaš
			singular			plural
			1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*yālgamaz ben	*yālgamaz sen	*yālgamaz	*yālgamaz biz	*yālgamaz siz	*yālgamaz
	past	simple	*yālgamadïm	*yālgamadïŋ	*yālgamadï	*yālgamadïk, yālgamadïmïz	*yālgamadïŋïz	*yālgamadï
	past	inferential	*yālgamamïš ben	*yālgamamïš sen	*yālgamamïš	*yālgamamïš biz	*yālgamamïš siz	*yālgamamïš
	future	simple	*yālgamačï ben, yālgamayačak ben	*yālgamačï sen, yālgamayačak sen	*yālgamačï, yālgamayačak	*yālgamačï biz, yālgamayačak biz	*yālgamačï siz, yālgamayačak siz	*yālgamačï, yālgamayačak
		predictive	*yālgamagay ben	*yālgamagay sen	*yālgamagay	*yālgamagay biz	*yālgamagay siz	*yālgamagay
		necessitive	*yālgamasïkïm	*yālgamasïkïŋ	*yālgamasïk	*yālgamasïkïmïz	*yālgamasïkïŋïz	*yālgamasïk
conditional			*yālgamasam, yālgamasar ben	*yālgamasaŋ, yālgamasar sen	*yālgamasa, yālgamasar	*yālgamasak, yālgamasamïz, yālgamasar biz	*yālgamasaŋïz, yālgamasar siz	*yālgamasalar, yālgamasar
optative			*yālgamagay ben	*yālgamagay sen	*yālgamagay	*yālgamagay biz	*yālgamagay siz	*yālgamagay
progressive			*yālgamamakda ben	*yālgamamakda sen	*yālgamamakda	*yālgamamakda biz	*yālgamamakda siz	*yālgamamakda
necessitative			*yālgamamalïg ben	*yālgamamalïg sen	*yālgamamalïg	*yālgamamalïg biz	*yālgamamalïg siz	*yālgamamalïg
imperative			*yālgamayayïn	*yālgama, yālgamagïl	*yālgamazun	*yālgamayalïm	*yālgamayïŋ	*yālgamazun

Derived terms

⇒ *yalgan (“lie”)
⇒? *yalbar- (“to beg”)
⇒? *yalbač (“prophet”)

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: ҫула (śula)
→ Proto-Mongolic: *dolïxa- (“to lick”)^[1]^[3]^[4]
Common Turkic:

Arghu:
- Khalaj: yalğamaq
Oghuz:
- Azerbaijani: yalamaq
- Ottoman Turkish: یالامق (yalamak)
  - Turkish: yalamak
- Turkmen: ýalamak
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: [script needed] (yalɣāmāk)
  - Uzbek: yalamoq
  - Uyghur: يالىماق (yalimaq)
Kipchak:
- Western Kipchak
  - Crimean Tatar: calamaq, yalamaq
  - Kumyk: яламакъ (yalamaq)
- Northern Kipchak
  - Bashkir: ялау (yalaw)
  - Tatar: yalaw
- Kipchak-Nogai
  - Kazakh: жалау (jalau)
- Eastern Kipchak
  - Kyrgyz: жалоо (jaloo)
  - Southern Altai: јала- (ǰala-)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰞𐰍𐰀 (yalɣa-)
  - Old Uyghur: yʾlxʾ (yalɣa-)
    - Western Yugur: jalɣa-
- North Siberian:
  - Dolgan: [script needed] (һалаа)
  - Yakut: салаа (salaa)
- South Siberian:
  - Sayan Turkic:
    - Tofa: чылғаар
    - Tuvan: чылгаар (çılgaar)
  - Yeniseian Turkic:
- Khakas: чалғирға (çalğirğa)
→ Proto-Mongolic: *jalgï- (“to swallow”)^[1]

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Doerfer, Gerhard (1975) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 21)‎^[1] (in German), volume IV, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, § 1881, pages 186-187
^ al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume IV, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 735
^ Nugteren, Hans (2011) Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages (dissertation)‎^[2], Utrecht: LOT, page 317
^ Sanžejev, G. D., Orlovskaja, M. N., Ševernina, Z. V. (2015) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ mongolʹskix jazykov: v 3 t. [Etymological dictionary of Mongolic languages: in 3 vols.] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, page 189

Clauson, Gerard (1972) “yalğa:-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 926
Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “yalamak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 182
Sevortjan, E. V., Levitskaja, L. S. (1989) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume IV, Moscow: Nauka, pages 87-89
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*jālga-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[3], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

[doerfer-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Doerfer, Gerhard (1975) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 21)‎^[1] (in German), volume IV, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, § 1881, pages 186-187

[2] -Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume IV, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 735

[3] Nugteren, Hans (2011) Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages (dissertation)‎^[2], Utrecht: LOT, page 317

[4] Sanžejev, G. D., Orlovskaja, M. N., Ševernina, Z. V. (2015) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ mongolʹskix jazykov: v 3 t. [Etymological dictionary of Mongolic languages: in 3 vols.] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, page 189

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