Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/ēl

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Noun

*ēl

1. realm

Declension

Declension of *ēl

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*ēl
Accusative	*ēlig, *ēlni1)
Genitive	*ēlniŋ
Dative	*ēlke
Locative	*ēlte
Ablative	*ēlten
Allative	*ēlgerü
Instrumental 2)	*ēlin
Equative 2)	*ēlče
Similative 2)	*ēlleyü
Comitative 2)	*ēlligü

¹⁾ Originally only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.

Usage notes

The senses "people", "international relations", "peace" and others developed from Karakhanid onwards ― they are not attested in Old Turkic and Old Uyghur texts.

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Volga Bulgar: يَال (yēl, “tribe, clan”)
    • Chuvash: ял (jal)
• Common Turkic:

• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish:
    • Azerbaijani: el, (dialectally) il
    • Ottoman Turkish: ایل (il)
      • Turkish: el
      • Gagauz: iel
  • Turkmen:
    • Cyrillic script: ил (īl)
    • Latin script: īl
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: ايل (é̄l)
    • Chagatai: اِيلْ (īl), اِل (il)
      • Uyghur: ئەل (el)
      • Uzbek: el
• Kipchak:
  • Kipchak: el
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: ил (il)
    • Tatar:
      • Cyrillic script: ил (il)
      • Latin script: il
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: el
    • Karachay-Balkar: эл (el)
    • Karaim::
      • Cyrillic script: ел
      • Latin script: el
    • Kumyk: эл (el)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Kipchak-Nogai:
      • Karakalpak: el
      • Kazakh: ел (el)
      • Nogai: эл (él)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: эл (el)
      • Southern Altai: эл (el)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic: 𐰃𐰠 (é̄l), (Yenisei) 𐰅𐰠 (é̄l)
  • Old Uyghur: [script needed] (é̄l)
  • South Siberian:
    • Yenissei Turkic:
      • Khakas: ил (il)
      • Shor: эл
  • North Siberian:
    • Yakut: ил (il, “peace”) (if not re-borrowed from Mongolic), ил (il, “state”)
• → Proto-Mongolic: *el
  • Classical Mongolian: ᠡᠯ (el)
    • Mongolian: ил (il)
  • Kalmyk: эл (el)

References

• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “él:”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 121
• Sevortjan, E. V. (1974) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 1, Moscow: Nauka, page 339