Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tovariščь

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From *tovarъ +‎ *-iščь. Borrowed from Turkic: Proto-Turkic *tabar (“wares, goods, livestock”) and Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄ĺ (“friend, companion, mate”).

Noun

*tovariščь m

1. friend, comrade, companion

Declension

Declension of *tovariščь (soft o-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*tovariščь	*tovarišča	*tovarišči
genitive	*tovarišča	*tovarišču	*tovariščь
dative	*tovarišču	*tovariščema	*tovariščemъ
accusative	*tovariščь	*tovarišča	*tovariščę̇
instrumental	*tovariščьmь, *tovariščemь*	*tovariščema	*tovarišči
locative	*tovarišči	*tovarišču	*tovariščixъ
vocative	*tovarišču	*tovarišča	*tovarišči

^* -ьmь in North Slavic, -emь in South Slavic.

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: товарищь (tovariščĭ)
    • Old Ruthenian: товарищъ (tovarišč), товарыщъ (tovaryšč)
      • Belarusian: тава́рыш (taváryš)
      • Carpathian Rusyn: това́риш (továryš)
      • Ukrainian: това́риш (továryš)
        • → Romanian: tovarăș
    • Russian: това́рищ (továrišč)
      • → Serbo-Croatian:

      Cyrillic script: това̑риш

      Latin script: tovȃriš

• South Slavic:
  • Slovene: tovȃriš (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: tovařiš, tovaryš
    • Czech: tovaryš
  • Old Polish: towarzysz
    • Polish: towarzysz
    • Silesian: tŏwarzisz
  • Old Slovak: tovariš
    • Pannonian Rusyn: товариш (tovariš)
    • Slovak: tovariš
  • Pomeranian:
    • Kashubian: towarzësz
    • Slovincian: tôwarzësz
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: towarš
    • Lower Sorbian: towariš

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “това́рищ”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress