Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tovarъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Borrowed from Turkic, from Proto-Turkic *tabar. Compare Turkish davar (“cattle, livestock”). Note also Middle Armenian տաւար (tawar, “cattle”), a Turkic borrowing.

Noun

*tovarъ f

1. commodity, goods, wares

Inflection

Declension of *tovarъ (hard o-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*tovarъ	*tovara	*tovari
genitive	*tovara	*tovaru	*tovarъ
dative	*tovaru	*tovaroma	*tovaromъ
accusative	*tovarъ	*tovara	*tovary
instrumental	*tovarъmь, *tovaromь*	*tovaroma	*tovary
locative	*tovarě	*tovaru	*tovarěxъ
vocative	*tovare	*tovara	*tovari

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

(noun):

• *tovariščь

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: товаръ (tovarŭ)
    • Belarusian: тава́р (tavár)
    • Russian: това́р (továr)
      • → Finnish: tavara
      • → Livvi: tavar
      • → Veps: tavar
    • Ukrainian: това́р (továr)
• South Slavic:
  • Bulgarian: това́р (továr)
  • Macedonian: товар (tovar)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: то̀вар

    Latin script: tòvar

  • Slovene: tóvor (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Kashubian: towôr
  • Old Polish: towar
    • Polish: towar
    • Silesian: tŏwŏr
  • Slovak: tovar
    • → Czech: tovar

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “това́р”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress