Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/jьva

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *éiˀwāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyHw-. Cognates include Latvian iẽva (“hagberry”), Lithuanian ievà (“hagberry”), dial. Lithuanian íeva, and Proto-Germanic *īhwaz.

Noun

*jь̀va f

1. willow

Declension

Declension of *jь̀va (hard a-stem, accent paradigm a)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*jь̀va	*jь̀vě	*jь̀vy
genitive	*jь̀vy	*jь̀vu	*jь̀vъ
dative	*jь̀vě	*jь̀vama	*jь̀vamъ
accusative	*jь̀vǫ	*jь̀vě	*jь̀vy
instrumental	*jь̀vojǫ, *jь̀vǭ**	*jь̀vama	*jь̀vamī
locative	*jь̀vě	*jь̀vu	*jь̀vasъ, *jь̀vaxъ*
vocative	*jь̀vo	*jь̀vě	*jь̀vy

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: ива (iva)
    • Old Ruthenian: и́ва (íva)
      • Carpathian Rusyn: и́ва (ýva)
      • Ukrainian: и́ва (ýva), ги́ва (hýva), і́ва (íva), ї́ва (jíva), єва (jeva) (dialectal)
    • Russian: и́ва (íva)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: ива (iva)

    Glagolitic script: ⰺⰲⰰ (iva)

  • Bulgarian: и́ва (íva); ива́ (ivá) (dialectal)
  • Macedonian: ива (iva)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: и́ва

    Latin script: íva

  • Slovene: íva, íba
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: jíva
    • Bohemian (Chod dialect): híva
    • Moravian (Mistřice): íva
  • Polabian: jeivo
  • Old Polish: iwa
    • Polish: iwa
  • Slovak: iva
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: jiwa

Further reading

• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*jьva I”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 248
• Melnychuk, O. S., editor (1985), “і́ва”, in Етимологічний словник української мови (in Ukrainian), volume 2 (Д – Копці), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, page 287
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “и́ва”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка (in Russian), Moscow: Progress