Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/čeľadь

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *keljāˀdis, of uncertain origin. Main interpretations include:

• Primarily meaning “cluster, group of relatives/associates”, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kʷel- (“to rally (a group), to crowd”). Akin to Proto-Germanic *skulō (“multitude”), possibly Sanskrit कुल (kúlam, “family, kin, community, caste”).
• Generalized from an earlier meaning “establishment, formation”, from Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise, to lift”).

Likely akin to Lithuanian kiltìs (“kin”), kilmė̃ (“origin”).

In the past, has been further compared with Irish clann (“offspring”) (whence English clan), which nowadays is generally considered a Cymric loanword of Latin origin, ultimately from unrelated Latin planta (“sprout”).

Noun

*čȅľadь f

1. hird, household

   Synonyms: *domakynьstvo, *sěmь

2. (collective) children, offsprings

   Synonyms: *domočędьje, (as a phrase) *děti vъ sěmi

3. (collective) servants, domestic workers

   Synonym: *prisluga

Declension

Declension of *čeľadь (i-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*čeľadь	*čeľadi	*čeľadi
genitive	*čeľadi	*čeľadьju, *čeľaďu*	*čeľadьjь, *čeľadi*
dative	*čeľadi	*čeľadьma	*čeľadьmъ
accusative	*čeľadь	*čeľadi	*čeľadi
instrumental	*čeľadьjǫ, *čeľaďǫ*	*čeľadьma	*čeľadьmi
locative	*čeľadi	*čeľadьju, *čeľaďu*	*čeľadьxъ
vocative	*čeľadi	*čeľadi	*čeľadi

^* The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms

• *čeľadinъ m, *čeľadina f (“servant”)
• *čeľadę (“pal, guy”)
• *čeľadъka (“married woman”)
• *čeľadьnъ (“having children”)
  • *čeľadьnikъ (“married man”)

Related terms

• *čelověkъ (“human”)
• *kolěno (“lineage”), *pokolěnьje (“generation”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: челꙗдь (čeljadĭ)
    • Old Ruthenian: челꙗдь (čeljadʹ)
      • Belarusian: чэ́лядзь (čéljadzʹ)
      • Ukrainian: че́лядь (čéljadʹ)
    • Russian: че́лядь (čéljadʹ)
  • Old Novgorodian: целꙗдь (ćeljadĭ)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Cyrillic: челꙗдь (čeljadĭ)

    Glagolitic: ⱍⰵⰾⱑⰴⱐ (čelědĭ)

  • Bulgarian: че́ляд (čéljad)
  • Macedonian: челад (čelad)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: че̏ља̄д

    Latin script: čȅljād

• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: čeled
    • Czech: čeleď
  • Polish: czeladź
  • Pomeranian:
    • Kashubian: czelôdz
    • Slovincian: czêlódz
  • Slovak: čeľaď
  • Sorbian:
    • Lower Sorbian: celaź
    • Upper Sorbian: čeledź

• Non-Slavic:
  • → Hungarian: család, cseléd
    • → Romanian: celed

Further reading

• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1977), “*čel'adь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 4 (*čaběniti – *děľa), Moscow: Nauka, page 40
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “че́лядь”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• “kiltis”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012