Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ḥapar-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Verb

*ḥapar-

1. to dig

Conjugation

Conjugation of Proto-Semitic/ḥapar- (paʕala)

verbal noun					*ḥapr-
active participle					*ḥāpir-
passive participle					*ḥapīr-, *ḥapūr-
		singular				dual				plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
perfect	m	*ḥaparku	*ḥaparka	*ḥapara		*ḥaparkayā	*ḥaparkā	*ḥaparā		*ḥaparna	*ḥaparkanu	*ḥaparū
	f		*ḥaparki	*ḥaparat				*ḥaparatā			*ḥaparkina	*ḥaparā
imperfect	m	*ʔaḥpir	*taḥpir	*yiḥpir			*taḥpirā	*yaḥpirā		*niḥpir	*taḥpirū	*yiḥpirū
	f		*taḥpirī	*taḥpir				*taḥpirā			*taḥpirā	*yiḥpirā
imperative	m		*ḥapir				*ḥapirā				*ḥapirū
	f		*ḥapirī								*ḥapirā

Descendants

• East Semitic:
  • Akkadian: 𒄭𒉿𒊒𒌝 (ḫepērum)
• West Semitic:
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: حَفَرَ (ḥafara)
  • Northwest Semitic:
    • Classical Syriac: ܚܦܰܪ (ḥəp̄ar)
    • Canaanite:
      • Hebrew: חָפַר (khafár, ḥāp̄ar)
  • Ethiopian Semitic:
    • Amharic: ቈፈረ (ḳʷäffärä)
    • Ge'ez: ቀፈረ (ḳäfärä)
    • Old South Arabian: 𐩢𐩰𐩧 (ḥfr)
    • Sebat Bet Gurage: ቆፈረ (ḳoffärä)
    • Tigrinya: ቈፈረ (ḳʷäfärä)
  • Modern South Arabian:
    • Mehri: ʿāfōr
    • Shehri: ʿɔ́fɔ́r