Reconstruction:Proto-Ryukyuan/pana

This Proto-Ryukyuan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Ryukyuan

Etymology 1

From Proto-Japonic *pana (“flower”).

Pronunciation

Tone class: B

Noun

*pana

flower

Descendants

Northern Ryukyuan: 파나 (/⁠faɁ.na⁠/) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)
- Kikai:
  Aden: 花 (pana) (tone class AB)
  
  Araki: 花 (hana) (tone class AB)
  
  Kamikatetsu: 花 (hana) (tone class AB)
  
  Nakasato: 花 (hana) (tone class AB)
  
  Onotsu: 花 (pana) (tone class BC)
  
  Sakamine: 花 (pana) (tone class AB)
  
  Shiomichi: 花 (pana) (tone class AB)
  
  Shitōke: 花 (pana) (tone class BC)
  
  Wan: 花 (hana) (tone class AB)
- Kunigami:
  Hentona: 花 (fana)
  
  Iejima: 花 (phanā) (tone class B)
  
  Iheya: 花 (fanā) (tone class B)
  
  Kin: 花 (hānā) (tone class B)
  
  Nago: 花 (pana) (tone class B)
  
  Nakijin-Yonamine: 花 (phanā) (tone class B)
  
  Sakimotobu: 花 (fana) (tone class B)
  
  Sesoko: 花 (fanā) (tone class B)
- Northern Amami Ōshima:
  Naze: 花 (hana) (tone class AB)
  
  Yamatohama: 花 (hana)
- Okinawan:
  Itoman: 花 (hana)
  
  Naha: 花 (hana)
  
  Shuri: 花 (hana) (tone class B)
- Okinoerabu:
  China: 花 (hanā) (tone class B)
  
  Kamishiro: 花 (hana) (tone class B)
  
  Serikaku: 花 (hanā)
  
  Tetechina: 花 (hana)
  
  Wadomari: 花 (hanā) (tone class B)
- Southern Amami Ōshima:
  Koniya: 花 (fana)
  
  Shodon: 花 (hana) (tone class BC)
- Tokunoshima:
  Asama: 花 (hanā) (tone class B)
  
  Kametsu: 花 (hana) (tone class B)
  
  San: 花 (hana) (tone class B)
- Yoron: 花 (pana) (tone class B)
Southern Ryukyuan:
- Miyako:
  Bora: 花 (pana)
  
  Hirara: 花 (pana)
  
  Ikema: 花 (hana)
  Nishihara: 花 (hana) (tone class B)
  
  Irabu: 花 (pana)
  
  Karimata: 花 (pana)
  
  Kuninaka: 花 (pana)
  
  Minna: 花 (pana) (tone class B)
  
  Nagahama: 花 (pana)
  
  Nakachi: 花 (pana)
  
  Nobaru: 花 (pana)
  
  Ōgami: 花 (pana)
  
  Ōura: 花 (pana) (tone class AB)
  
  Shimajiri: 花 (pana)
  
  Shiokawa: 花 (pana)
  
  Tarama: 花 (pana)
  Nakasuji: 花 (pana) (tone class A/B)
  
  Uechi: 花 (pana)
  
  Yonaha: 花 (pana) (tone class AB)
- Yaeyama:
  Aragusuku: 花 (pana)
  
  Hateruma: 花 (pana) (tone class BC)
  
  Hatoma: 花 (pana) (tone class B)
  
  Ishigaki: 花 (pana) (tone class BC)
  
  Kabira: 花 (pana)
  
  Kohama: 花 (pana)
  
  Kuroshima: 花 (pana)
  
  Sonai: 花 (pana)
  
  Taketomi: 花 (hənə) (tone class BC)
- Yonaguni: 花 (hana) (tone class B)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Japonic *pana (“nose”).

Pronunciation

Tone class: A

Noun

*pana

nose

Descendants

Northern Ryukyuan: 파나 (/⁠pʰana⁠/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
- Kikai:
  Aden: 鼻 (pana) (tone class AB)
  
  Araki: 鼻 (hana) (tone class AB)
  
  Kamikatetsu: 鼻 (hana) (tone class AB)
  
  Nakasato: 鼻 (hana) (tone class AB)
  
  Onotsu: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
  
  Shiomichi: 鼻 (pana) (tone class AB)
  
  Shitōke: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
  
  Wan: 鼻 (hana) (tone class AB)
- Kunigami:
  Hentona: 鼻 (fana)
  
  Iejima: 鼻 (phana) (tone class AC)
  
  Iheya: 鼻 (fana) (tone class A)
  
  Kin: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
  
  Nago: 鼻 (phana) (tone class A)
  
  Nakijin-Yonamine: 鼻 (phanā) (tone class A)
  
  Oku: 鼻 (pana)
  
  Sakimotobu: 鼻 (fana) (tone class A)
  
  Sesoko: 鼻 (fana) (tone class A)
  
  Sumuide: 鼻 (pana)
- Northern Amami Ōshima:
  Isu: 鼻 (fana)
  
  Kasari-Tekebu: 鼻 (fana)
  
  Naze: 鼻 (hana) (tone class AB (however, with <LF> accent instead of expected <LH>)
  
  Sumiyō: 鼻 (fana)
  
  Yamato: 鼻 (hana)
  
  Yamatohama: 鼻 (hana)
  
  Yuwan: 鼻 (hana)
- Okinawan:
  Itoman: 鼻 (hana)
  
  Nago: 鼻 (fana)
  
  Naha: 鼻 (hana)
  
  Shuri: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
  
  Yara: 鼻 (hana)
- Okinoerabu:
  China: 鼻 (fana) (tone class A)
  
  Kamishiro: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
  
  Serikaku: 鼻 (hanā)
  
  Tetechina: 鼻 (hana)
  
  Wadomari: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
- Southern Amami Ōshima:
  Koniya: 鼻 (fana, hana)
  
  Shodon: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
- Tokunoshima:
  Asama: 鼻 (hanā) (tone class A)
  
  Inō: 鼻 (hana)
  
  Kametsu: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
  
  San: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
- Yoron: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
Southern Ryukyuan:
- Miyako:
  Bora: 鼻 (pana)
  
  Hirara: 鼻 (pana)
  
  Ikema: 鼻 (hana)
  Nishihara: 鼻 (hana) (tone class B)
  
  Irabu: 鼻 (pana)
  
  Karimata: 鼻 (pana)
  
  Kuninaka: 鼻 (pana)
  
  Minna: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
  
  Nagahama: 鼻 (pana)
  
  Nakachi: 鼻 (pana)
  
  Nobaru: 鼻 (pana)
  
  Ōgami: 鼻 (pana)
  
  Ōura: 鼻 (pana) (tone class AB)
  
  Sarahama: 鼻 (hana)
  
  Sawada: 鼻 (pana)
  
  Shimajiri: 鼻 (pana)
  
  Shiokawa: 鼻 (pana)
  
  Tarama: 鼻 (pana)
  Nakasuji: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
  
  Uechi: 鼻 (pana)
  
  Yonaha: 鼻 (pana)
- Yaeyama:
  Hateruma: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
  
  Hatoma: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
  
  Ishigaki: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
  
  Kabira: 鼻 (pana)
  
  Kohama: 鼻 (pana)
  
  Kuroshima: 鼻 (hənə)
  
  Sonai: 鼻 (pana)
  
  Taketomi: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
- Yonaguni: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)

Etymology 3

From Proto-Japonic *pana (“edge, end”).

Pronunciation

Tone class: A

Noun

*pana

edge, end
beginning, start
tip, top
cape
prow (of a boat)

Descendants

Northern Ryukyuan:
- Kikai:
  - Aden: 端 (fana)
- Kunigami:
  Iejima: 端 (phana) (tone class AC)
  
  Nakijin-Yonamine: 端 (phanā) (tone class A)
- Okinawan:
  Naha: 端 (hana)
  
  Shuri: 端 (hana) (tone class A)
- Okinoerabu:
  China: 端 (hana) (tone class A)
  
  Wadomari: 端 (hana) (tone class A)
- Tokunoshima:
  Asama: 端 (hanā) (tone class A)
  
  Kametsu: 端 (hana) (tone class A)
- Yoron: 端 (pana) (tone class B)
Southern Ryukyuan:
- Miyako:
  Hirara: 端 (pana)
  
  Ikema: 端 (hana)
  Nishihara: 端 (hana) (tone class B)
  
  Minna: 端 (pana) (tone class A)
  
  Nagahama: 端 (pana)
  
  Nakachi: 端 (pana)
  
  Tarama:
  Nakasuji: 端 (pana)
- Yaeyama:
  Hateruma: 端 (pana) (tone class A)
  
  Hatoma: 端 (pana) (tone class A)
  
  Ishigaki: 端 (hana, pana) (tone class A)
  
  Taketomi: 端 (pənə)