Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/káwfš

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kewHp- (“heap; to heap”). Cognate with Sanskrit कूप (kūpa, “well, hole”), Latin cūpa (“tub, cask”), Old High German hubil, Old Saxon huvil (“hill”), Lithuanian kaũpas (“heap”), kaupiù (“to heap”).^[1]^[2]

Noun

*káwfš ~ kupás^[3]

hill, mountain
Synonym: *gr̥Híš
hump (of a camel)

Alternative reconstructions

*kawfah^[4]^[5]^[3] (thematized)

Derived terms

*káwfaHnah
- Parachi: [script needed] (kō̈pân)
- Ishkashimi: [script needed] (kufon)
- Shughni: кӯфу̊н (kūfū̊n), (Roshani) кӯпон (kūpōn, “camel's hump”)
- Semnani: [script needed] (kopān)
- Classical Persian: کوهان (kōhān)
  Iranian Persian: کوهان (kuhân)
  
  Tajik: кӯҳон (kühon)
  - →? Alanic: *xonx

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬊𐬟𐬀 (kaofa)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Scythian: *kuβi
  - ⇒ Proto-Sarmatian: *kuβya
    - Alanic: *kuppæ
      - Ossetian:
        Iron Ossetian: къупп (k’upp, “hill”)
  - Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *kuβi
    - Khotanese: [script needed] (kuvä, “heap”)
    - Wakhi: kəp (“hump”)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Khwarezmian: [script needed] (kwf)
  - Sogdian: 𐫐𐫇𐫁 (kwb)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Ormuri: [script needed] (kūp)
- Pashto: کوب (kub, kwab)
- Sanglechi: [script needed] (kīf)
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji:
  - Proto-Munji-Yidgha:
    - Munji: [script needed] (kīfa)
    - Yidgha: [script needed] (ḱifa)
  - Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami:
    - Shughni: kū
    - Proto-Shughni-Roshani:
      - Sarikoli: kiep
      - Shughni: кӯп (kūp) (Bartangi, Oroshori)
      - Vanji: kub, kup
    - Yazghulami: кәп (kəp, “rock, stone”)
    - Yazghulami: кәпич (kəpič), қәпич (qəpič), кпич (kpič)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: [script needed] (kōpak)
- Northern Kurdish: kêf
- Medo-Parthian:
  - Old Median:
    - Semnani: [script needed] (kub, kwab, kub)
    - Talysh: ку, куроғ
  - Parthian: 𐫐𐫇𐫜 (kwf), 𐫞𐫇𐫜 (qwf), 𐫞𐫇𐫛 (qwp)
  - Zazaki: کو (ko)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Kumzari: کو (kō)
- Larestani: کو (kü,kōw,kēb,kōh)
- Old Persian: 𐎣𐎢𐎳 (k-u-f /⁠kaufaʰ⁠/)
  - Middle Persian: (/⁠kōf⁠/)
    Manichaean script: 𐫐𐫇𐫛 (kwp), 𐫞𐫇𐫛 (qwp), 𐫐𐫇𐫜 (kwf)
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (kwp)
    - Classical Persian: کوه (kōh)
      - Iranian Persian: کوه (kuh)
      - Tajik: кӯҳ (küh)
      - → Äynu: کوه (kox)
      - → Hindi: कोह (koh)
      - → Kashmiri: کۄہ (kọh), کۆہ (koh)
      - → Urdu: کوہ (koh)
      - → Yagnobi: кӯҳ (küh)
  - → Gojri: کوہ (koh)
- → Old Armenian: կոհակ (kohak)

References

^ Bailey, H. W. (1979) “kuvaa-”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 63
^ Edelʹman, D. I. (2011) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 371
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. (1999) “kəp”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ vaxanskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Wakhi Language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoje Vostokovedenije, →ISBN, pages 217-218
^ Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[1], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 204: “Ir. *kau̯fa-”
^ Morgenstierne, Georg (2003) “kwab”, in Elfenbein, J., MacKenzie, D. N., Sims-Williams, Nicholas, editors, A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN

[1] Bailey, H. W. (1979) “kuvaa-”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 63

[2] Edelʹman, D. I. (2011) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 371

[ESVJa-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. (1999) “kəp”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ vaxanskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Wakhi Language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoje Vostokovedenije, →ISBN, pages 217-218

[4] Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[1], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 204: “Ir. *kau̯fa-”

[5] Morgenstierne, Georg (2003) “kwab”, in Elfenbein, J., MacKenzie, D. N., Sims-Williams, Nicholas, editors, A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN

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