Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/dušmánāh

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dušmánās, from Proto-Indo-European *dusmenēs. Equivalent to *duš- (“bad”) +‎ *mánah (“mind, thought”). Cognate with Sanskrit दुर्मनस् (durmanas, “sad, melancholy”).

Adjective

*dušmánāh ~ dušmánahah

1. ill-dispositioned, hostile
2. (substantive) enemy

Descendants

• Central Iranian
  • Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬱𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬵 (dušmanah)
• Northestern Iranian:
  • Bactrian: λρουμινο (lroumino), δρουμινο (droumino)
• Northwestern Iranian:
  • Baluchi: دژمن (dužman)
  • Kurdish:

    Central Kurdish: دژمن (djimin)

    Northern Kurdish: dijmin, dujmin

    Southern Kurdish: دژمن (djimin), دژمەن (dijmen)

  • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
    • Old Tati:

      Old Azari: دشمن (dišman)

      • Harzani: dešmūn
    • Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
      • Gurani: دژمەن (dižman), دژمەنە (dižamana)
      • Zazaki: dişmin (dišmin), dışmin (dešmin)
• Southwestern Iranian:
  • Middle Persian: (/⁠dušman, dušmen⁠/)

    Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫏𐫗 (dwšmyn), 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫗 (dwšmn)

    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dwšmn')

    Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭣𐭥𐭱𐭬𐭭𐭩 (dʿšmny)

    Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮐𐮀𐮌𐮇 (ŠANH)

    • → Parthian: (/⁠dušmen, dušman⁠/)

      Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫏𐫗 (dwšmyn), 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫗 (dwšmn)

      • → Old Armenian: *թշման (*tʻšman)
        • Armenian: թշնամի (tʻšnami)
    • Lurish

      Northern Luri: دشمه (došme)

      Bakhtiari: دشمن (došmen)

    • Classical Persian: دشمن (dušman) (see there for further descendants)

      Dari: دشمن (dušman)

      Iranian Persian: دشمن (došman)

      Tajik: душман (dušman)