Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sperdʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*sperdʰ-^[1]^[2]

to compete, contest, struggle

Derived terms

*spérdʰ-e-ti (thematic present)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: սպրդեմ (sprdem) (uncertain, see entry for discussion)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spárdʰati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spárdʰati
    - Sanskrit: स्पर्धते (spárdhate, “to compete with, rival”, 3sg.med)^[3]
  - Proto-Iranian: *spárdati^[4] (uncertain)
    - Khotanese: spal- (“to twitch”)
*spérdʰ-ti ~ *spr̥dʰ-énti (athematic root present)
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (iš-par-zi-zi /⁠išpartzi⁠/)^[5]
*spérdʰ-t ~ *spr̥dʰ-ént (root aorist)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háspr̥dʰant
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háspr̥dʰant
    - Sanskrit: अस्पृध्रन् (áspṛdhran)
*spŕ̥dʰ-
- Proto-Germanic: *spurdz (“racecourse”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *spŕ̥dʰ-
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *spŕ̥dʰ-
    - Sanskrit: स्पृध् (spṛ́dh, “contest, battle, fight; rival, enemy”)^[3]
  - Proto-Iranian: *spŕ̥d-
    - Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬁 (spərədā, “zeal”)

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*sperdʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 580
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Monier Williams (1899) “Proto-Indo-European/sperdʰ-”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1268.
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*spard”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 352
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “išpart-^zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 475

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*sperdʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 580

[2] Guus Kroonen (2013) Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[MW-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Monier Williams (1899) “Proto-Indo-European/sperdʰ-”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1268.

[4] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*spard”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 352

[5] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “išpart-^zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 475

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