Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sh₂ey-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Etymology

Probably from *seh₂- (“to bind”) +‎ *-éyti (*éy-present verbal suffix).^[1]

Root

*sh₂ey-^[2]^[3]

to bind, fetter

Alternative reconstructions

*seh₁y-^[4]

Derived terms

*sh₂éy-t ~ *sh₂y-ént (root athematic aorist)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HasHáyt
  - Proto-Iranian: *HahHáyt
    - Avestan: 𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬏 (aŋhaiiū, “to become bound”)
*sh₂i-néw-ti (nu-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sHináwti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sHináwti
    - Sanskrit: सिन्वन्त् (sinvant)
*sh₂i-yé-ti (deponent ye-present)^[2]^[5]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (iš-ḫi-ya-zi /⁠išḫiyazi⁠/)
*sh₂óy-e ~ *sh₂y-ḗr (stative) (or *sh₂-óy-e ← *seh₂-^[6])
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (iš-ḫa-a-i /⁠išḫai⁠/) ~ [script needed] (iš-ḫi-i-er)
*sih₂-éti (tudati-type root thematic present)^[7]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *siHáti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *siHáti
    - Sanskrit: स्यति (syáti)
*si-né-h₂-ti ~ si-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix)^[2]^[7]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sinā́ˀtei
  - Latvian: sìet
  - Lithuanian: siẽti
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sináHti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sináHti
    - Sanskrit: सिनाति (sinā́ti, “to bind”)^[8]
*sh₂i-sh₂óy-e ~ *sh₂i-sh₂y-ḗr (i-reduplicated stative)^[2]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Luwian: [script needed] (ḫi-iš-ḫi-ya-an-ti /⁠ḫišḫiyanti⁠/, 3pl.pres.act.)
- >? Proto-Hellenic:
  - Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀊𐀕𐀜 (a-ja-me-no /⁠ai⁽ʰ⁾aimeno, ai⁽ʰ⁾āimeno⁠/, “inlaid”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sHišHā́ya (“to keep bound”)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sHiṣHāya
    - Sanskrit: सिषाय (siṣāya)
  - Proto-Iranian: *hHišHāya^[9]
    - Avestan: 𐬁𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬁 (āhišāiiā)
*sh₂éy-dʰl-om^[10]^[11]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sáiˀdlo
  - Latvian: saiklis (“string, band”)
  - Lithuanian: ãtsailė (“cross-bar between beam and axle”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *sidlo (“noose, snare”) (see there for further descendants)
*sh₂éy-mn̥ ~ *sh₂i-méns (“rope”)^[7]
- Proto-Celtic: *siman
  - Irish: sim
- Proto-Germanic: *sīmô (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *hímə
  - Ancient Greek: *ἵμα (*híma)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμαῖος (himaîos)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμάω (himáō)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμάς (himás)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμάσθλη (himásthlē)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἱμονιά (himoniá) (< collective *hímōn)
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *siHmā́
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *siHmā́
    - Sanskrit: सीमन् (sīmán, “border, frontier, margin”)
*sh₂éy-ōl ~ *sh₂i-l-és^[12]^[5]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (iš-hi-ia-al)
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *séiˀlāˀ
- Proto-Germanic: *sailą (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *silô (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *sīlô^[13]
  - Dutch: zijl, zijle (“trace, rope”)
  - German: Seilen (“horse harness”)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *sīljaną
    - Icelandic: síla (“to tie together”)
*sh₂éy-teh₂^[14]
- Proto-Italic: *saitā^[14]
  - Latin: saeta
*sh₂éy-tlo-m (possibly)
*sh₂éy-tu-s ~ *sh₂i-téw-s^[15]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: *հայթ (*haytʻ)^[16]
    - ⇒ Old Armenian: հայթեմ (haytʻem)
- Proto-Germanic: *siduz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sHáytuš (“fetter, band, bridge”)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sHáytuṣ
    - Sanskrit: सेतु (sétu)
      - Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀲𑁂𑀉 (seu)
  - Proto-Iranian: *hHáytuš
    - Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬎 (haētu)
    - Ossetian: хид (xid)
    - Persian: خدک (xadak)
*sh₂i-mḗn-s^[17]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒅖𒄭𒈠𒀀𒀸 (iš-ḫi-ma-a-aš /⁠išḫimāš⁠/, “cord, rope”)
*sh₂i-tó-s (“bound, fettered”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sHitás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sHitás
    - Sanskrit: सित (sitá)
  - Proto-Iranian: *hHitáh
    - Avestan: 𐬵𐬌𐬙𐬀 (hita)
*sh₂oy-tó-s^[4]^[18]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sáiˀtas (“tie, cord”)^[18]
  - Latvian: saĩte
  - Lithuanian: saĩtas
  - Old Prussian: saytan
  - Proto-Slavic: *sětь (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *saidô (see there for further descendants)
*sh₂óy-wl̥ ~ *sh₂i-wén-s
- >? Proto-Germanic: *saiwalō (see there for further descendants)
*sih₂-nó-s^[19] (possibly)
- Proto-Celtic: *sīnos^[19]
  - Proto-Brythonic: *hin
    - Old Welsh: hin
  - Middle Irish: sín

References

^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2017–2018) “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Proto-Indo-Iranian, page 1884
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*sh₂ei̯-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 544
^ Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015) The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 274: “*/sh₂ei̯-/ ‘bind’”
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “3. sē(i)-, -səi- : sī- und sei- : si-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 891-892
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*saila/ō-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 422: “*sh₂oi-lo-”
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “išḫai-ⁱ / išḫi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 391-393: “*(si-)sh₂-ói-e”
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page ἱμάς of 589-590
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “sā-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*hHai-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 135
^ Jasanoff, Jay (2017) The Prehistory of the Balto-Slavic Accent (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 17), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*sh₂éi-dʰlo-”
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “sīdlò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Rieken, Elisabeth (1999) Untersuchungen zur nominalen Stammbildung des Hethitischen (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten; 44)‎^[2] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →DOI, pages 445-446
^ Kroonen, Guus Jann (2009) Consonant and vowel gradation in the Proto-Germanic n-stems (PhD thesis)‎^[3], Leiden: Leiden University, page 81
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “saeta”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 534-535: “PIE *séh₂i-to- or *sh₂éi-to- ‘cord’”
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (1988) The System of Nominal Accentuation in Sanskrit and Proto-Indo-European‎^[4], Brill, page 47
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “haytʿ-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 385
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 108
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) “saitas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 386
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 120

[1] Lubotsky, Alexander (2017–2018) “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Proto-Indo-Iranian, page 1884

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*sh₂ei̯-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 544

[3] Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015) The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 274: “*/sh₂ei̯-/ ‘bind’”

[IEW-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “3. sē(i)-, -səi- : sī- und sei- : si-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 891-892

[EDPG-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*saila/ō-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 422: “*sh₂oi-lo-”

[6] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “išḫai-ⁱ / išḫi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 391-393: “*(si-)sh₂-ói-e”

[Beekes-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page ἱμάς of 589-590

[IAIL-8] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “sā-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[9] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*hHai-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 135

[10] Jasanoff, Jay (2017) The Prehistory of the Balto-Slavic Accent (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 17), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*sh₂éi-dʰlo-”

[11] Derksen, Rick (2008) “sīdlò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[12] Rieken, Elisabeth (1999) Untersuchungen zur nominalen Stammbildung des Hethitischen (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten; 44)‎^[2] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →DOI, pages 445-446

[13] Kroonen, Guus Jann (2009) Consonant and vowel gradation in the Proto-Germanic n-stems (PhD thesis)‎^[3], Leiden: Leiden University, page 81

[EDL-14] 14.0 ^14.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “saeta”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 534-535: “PIE *séh₂i-to- or *sh₂éi-to- ‘cord’”

[15] Lubotsky, Alexander (1988) The System of Nominal Accentuation in Sanskrit and Proto-Indo-European‎^[4], Brill, page 47

[Martirosyan-16] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “haytʿ-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 385

[17] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 108

[EDBIL-18] 18.0 ^18.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) “saitas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 386

[Zair-19] 19.0 ^19.1 Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 120

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