Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂welh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*welH-^[1]^[2]^[3]

Etymology 1

Possibly connected to *welh₁- (“to choose, wish”)^[4]^[5], but Hittite requires a leading h₂-. Furthermore, an argument against reconstructing a root-final h₁ is Old Irish follnaithir (“rules”), which point to h₂ instead. A connection with *HweRdʰ- (“to become big/strong”), Sanskrit वर्धते (várdhate, “to grow”), is also suggested.^[1]

Root

*h₂welh₁-^[6]

to rule
strong, powerful

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂welh₁- (rule) (27 c, 0 e)

^?*h₂welh₁-t ~ *h₂wl̥h₁-ént (root aorist)^[7]
- >? Proto-Germanic: *wulþǭ (“I ruled”, 1sg past tense)
  - >? Proto-Germanic: *waldaną (“to rule”) (see there for further descendants) (back formation)^[7]
*h₂wl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *h₂wl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)^[5]^[8]
- Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒄷𒌌𒇷𒄑𒍣 (ḫu-ul-le-ez-zi /⁠hullezi⁠/, “to smash, to defeat”)
*h₂wl̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *h₂wl̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)^[3]
- Proto-Celtic: *walnāti
  - Old Irish: follnaithir (“to rule, govern”)
*h₂wélh₁-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)^[1]
- >? Proto-Germanic: *waldaną (see there for further descendants) (alternatively)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: veldėti (“to inherit; (obsolete) possess, govern”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *volsti
    - Old Church Slavonic: власти (vlasti, “to rule”)
*h₂wl̥h₁-eh₁-(ye)-ti^[9]
- Proto-Italic: *walēō
  - Latin: valeō (“to be well”)
*h₂wl̥h₂-etro-s^[3]
- Proto-Celtic: *walatros
  - Proto-Brythonic: *gwaladr
    - Welsh: gwaladr (“ruler”)
*h₂wol-neh₂-mō ~ *h₂wl̥-neh₂-m̥n-és^[3] (with regular *-oRHC- > *-oRC-, the "Saussure effect")
- Proto-Celtic: *wolnāmū (“ruler”)
  - ⇒ Middle Irish: follamnacht (“government, ruling”)
  - ⇒ Middle Irish: follamnaigid (“to rule, govern”)
*h₂wl̥h₁-ont-s^[7]^[10]
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian A: wäl (“king”)
  - Tocharian B: walo (“king”)
*h₂wl̥h₁-o-s^[3]
- Proto-Celtic: *walos (“prince”) (see there for further descendants)
*h₂wélh₁-ti-s ~ *h₂wl̥h₁-téy-s^[11]
- Proto-Celtic: *wlatis (“sovereignty”) (see there for further descendants)

Extended form *h₂welh₁dʰ- (< metanalysis of dʰe-present).

*h₂woldʰ-eh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)^[7]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:^[2]
  - Proto-Slavic: *volděti (“to rule”) (see there for further descendants)
*h₂woldʰ-éye-ti (eye-iterative)^[7]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: vàldît
  - Lithuanian: valdýti
- >? Proto-Germanic: *waldijaną (unless from *h₂wolh₁-t-éye-ti)
  - Proto-West Germanic: *waldijan
    - Old English: wieldan, wildan
      - English: wield
      - Scots: wield
*h₂woldʰ-tis
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walstis
  - Lithuanian: valstybė
  - Latvian: valsts
  - Proto-Slavic: *volstь (“rule”)^[12] (see there for further descendants)
*h₂woldʰ-y-eh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walˀdjāˀ
  - Lithuanian: valdžia
  - Proto-Slavic: *volďa
Unsorted formations:
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Old Prussian: weldisnan sg (“inheritance”, acc)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *voldь
    - Old Church Slavonic: владь (vladĭ, “power”)

Etymology 2

Often compared to *welh₃- (“to pluck”) and *welH- (“to turn”).

Root

*h₂welh₁-^[13]

hair; wool

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂welh₁- (wool) (101 c, 0 e)

*h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂ (see there for further descendants)
*h₂wolh₁-ḱ-os
- Proto-Slavic: *volsъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wálćas (see there for further descendants)
*h₂wolh₁-ḱ-nom
- Proto-Slavic: *volkъno (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *walkás (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic:
  - Old English: wlōh
Unsorted formations:
- Baltic:
  - Lithuanian: valaĩ
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: λῶμα (lôma), λάχνη (lákhnē), λάχνος (lákhnos), λάσιος (lásios)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwārHáts
  - Proto-Nuristani: *wārakká (< *HwārHatkás)
    - Northern Nuristani:
      - Kamkata-viri:
        Kamviri: varúk
      - Prasuni: vórik
    - Southern Nuristani:
      - Ashkun: vorṓk
      - Waigali: vërëk
- Italic:
  - Latin: vellus, villus
  - Latin: *ulos
    - Latin: adūlor
- Proto-Slavic: *voldь
  - Old East Slavic: володь (volodĭ)
  - Old Church Slavonic: владь (vladĭ)
    - → Old East Slavic: владь (vladĭ)
  - (?) ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *podvoldьnъka
    - Slovene: pódlanka (“undercoat”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *u̯elH-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 676-77
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) “*volděti; *voldati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 524
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*wal-na, *walo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 402
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “valdyti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 485–486
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫulle^zi-/ḫull-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 358: “*h₂ul-né-h₁-ti, *h₂ul-n-h₁-énti”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*waldan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 569
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “valēō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 651: “*h₂ul-ne-h₁ti, *h₂ul-n-h₁enti”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “valēō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 651: “*h₂ulh₁-eh₁”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “valēō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 651: “*ulH-nt”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “valēō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 651: “*ulHti-”
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*vȏlstь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 526
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1139

[LIV-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *u̯elH-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 676-77

[EDSIL-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) “*volděti; *voldati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 524

[EDPC-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*wal-na, *walo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 402

[EDBIL-4] Derksen, Rick (2015) “valdyti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 485–486

[kloek-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫulle^zi-/ḫull-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 358: “*h₂ul-né-h₁-ti, *h₂ul-n-h₁-énti”

[6] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[EDPG-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*waldan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 569

[8] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “valēō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 651: “*h₂ul-ne-h₁ti, *h₂ul-n-h₁enti”

[9] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “valēō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 651: “*h₂ulh₁-eh₁”

[10] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “valēō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 651: “*ulH-nt”

[11] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “valēō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 651: “*ulHti-”

[12] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*vȏlstь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 526

[13] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1139

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Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

Etymology 1

Root

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Root

Derived terms

See also

References