Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/twīflijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *twīflaz (“doubt”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈtwiː.ɸli.ja.nɑ̃/

Verb

*twīflijaną

1. to cause doubt

Inflection

Conjugation of *twīflijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*twīflijō	*twīflijaų	—	*twīflijai	?
2nd singular	*twīflīsi	*twīflijais	*twīflī	*twīflijasai	*twīflijaisau
3rd singular	*twīflīþi	*twīflijai	*twīflijaþau	*twīflijaþai	*twīflijaiþau
1st dual	*twīflijōs	*twīflijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*twīflijaþiz	*twīflijaiþiz	*twīflijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*twīflijamaz	*twīflijaim	—	*twīflijanþai	*twīflijainþau
2nd plural	*twīflīþ	*twīflijaiþ	*twīflīþ	*twīflijanþai	*twīflijainþau
3rd plural	*twīflijanþi	*twīflijain	*twīflijanþau	*twīflijanþai	*twīflijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*twīflidǭ	*twīflidēdį̄
2nd singular	*twīflidēz	*twīflidēdīz
3rd singular	*twīflidē	*twīflidēdī
1st dual	*twīflidēdū	*twīflidēdīw
2nd dual	*twīflidēdudiz	*twīflidēdīdiz
1st plural	*twīflidēdum	*twīflidēdīm
2nd plural	*twīflidēdud	*twīflidēdīd
3rd plural	*twīflidēdun	*twīflidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*twīflijandz	*twīflidaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *twīflijan
  • Old Saxon: twīflian
    • Middle Low German: twivelen (merged with descendant of *twīflōn)
      • Low German: twiefeln
  • Old Dutch: twīvalen
    • Middle Dutch: twivelen
      • Dutch: twijfelen
      • Limburgish: twiefele
  • Old High German: zwīfalen, zwīvalen
    • Middle High German: zwīveln (merged with descendant of *twīflōn)
      • German: zweifeln
• Gothic: 𐍄𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍆𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (tweifljan)